Tuesday, June 26, 2007

A FLAME OF FIRE



By A. Q. Faizi
Scanned from the third printing: (1973; (c) 1969) Bahá'í Publishing Trust of India
--extracts ---
There are two Tablets each bearing the name of Ahmad: one in Persian and the other in Arabic. The latter is the one used throughout the Bahá'í world, which the beloved Guardian characterized as being imbued with a special potency.

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Ahmad Begins His Search

As to the Ahmad in whose honour the well-known Tablet is revealed, he was born in Yazd (circa 1805) to a very noble and rich family. His father and uncles were the chieftains of the town, but Ahmad even at the age of fourteen showed a great inclination towards mysticism and endeavoured to find new paths to truth. When he was fifteen, he had already started his investigations during which he heard from some of the people that there are saints or holy men who know special prayers which if read and repeated so many times and in accordance with certain rituals would definitely enable the reader to behold the countenance of the Promised Qá'im (The Messiah). This flared up the fire of his ever-growing longings. He began to practice an ascetic life with long prayers, successive days of fasting and secluding himself from people and from the world. His parents and relatives never approved of such practices, nor did they permit him to continue this seclusion which was contrary to their ways of life and ambition. Such opposition could not be tolerated by a man like Ahmad who was whole-heartedly searching and striving to reach his heart's desire - reunion with his eternal Beloved. Therefore one day early in the morning, he made a small bundle of his clothes and belongings and under the pretext of going to a public bath, departed from his father's home and set out on his way to search for God's manifestation.
In a beggar's outfit he roamed from village to village, and wherever he found a "pir" - spiritual leader - with great devotion and rectitude of conduct he sat at his feet in the hope of finding a path to the mysterious worlds of truth. He invariably begged such people for the special prayer, the reading of which would draw him near the court of his Beloved. Whenever someone would suggest to him any practice, he was so ardent in his search that he would invariably carry out the instructions with absolute sincerity no matter how time consuming or arduous those practices were. But all of this was of no avail.
Losing hope and faith in such pursuits, he made his way to India, a land so well known for its mystic teachers and hermits with special powers and spiritual gifts. He reached Bombay, and took up his residence there, still looking for someone to give him a glimpse of the glorious court of the Promised One.
He heard that if one would perform a specific ablution, put on spotlessly clean white garments, prostrate oneself and repeat the following verse of the Qur'án, "There is no God but God" twelve thousand times, he would definitely attain his aim and heart's desire. Not once, but several times, Ahmad prostrated himself for hours to repeat the above-mentioned verse 12,000 times, but still found himself in darkness.
In his dismay he returned to Persia, but did not go to his own home town of Yazd. He settled in the city of Kashan and started his own craft of cloth-making in which he was an expert. In no time he became a very successful businessman; but still in his inmost heart he was restlessly searching.
A Stranger Points the Way
"Knock, and it shall be opened unto you." "Ask, and it shall be given you." No true seeker ever returned from His door of mercy deprived or unanswered.
It was here in Kashan that the rumors about One claiming to be the Promised Qá'im were heard by him. Ceaseless in his efforts and sincere in his search, he asked many people in many different ways. No one ever gave him a clue.
Then one day an unknown traveller arrived in this town and stayed in the same inn where Ahmad had established his successful business. A certain inner urge drew Ahmad close to this unknown man. In their conversation, the traveller was asked about the already spreading rumour. "Why do you ask this question?" he inquired. "I want to know if it is true. If it is, I shall follow it, with all my might," was Ahmad's rejoinder.
The traveller with a smile of triumph on his face, instructed him to go to Khurasan and find a certain famous learned man called Mulla 'Abdu'I Khaliq who would tell him the whole truth.
The very next day Ahmad was on his way to the province of Khurasan. The owners of the neighbouring shops were very much surprised when they did not find Ahmad at his work as usual. "What passed between him and the unknown traveller?" they asked one another, and no one knew the right answer.
Ahmad crossed deserts and mountains on foot, and his heart overflowed with joy and longing. Every step he took he found himself nearer to the time when all his efforts would yield the desired fruits - his reunion with his Beloved in the search of Whose he spared no effort and found no sacrifice too great.
He reached Mashhad, Khurasan, exhausted and so ill that he had to stay in bed. After two months' struggle to overcome his weakness, he mustered the last ounces of his strength and courage and went directly to the door of the desired house. Here are his own words as related to his friends and companions of those days: "When I reached the house, I knocked at the door and the servant of the house came forth. Holding the door ajar, he asked me, 'What do you want?' 'I must see your Master,' I answered. The man went back into the house and then the Mulla himself came out. He admitted me to his house and when we stood face to face I explained to him all that had happened to me. When I finished, he at once grasped my arm and told me, 'Do not say such things here!' and he pushed me out of his house. There was no end to my sorrows. Heartbroken and utterly astounded I said to myself, 'Are all my efforts in vain? To whom shall I turn? Whom shall I approach? ..... But I will never leave this man. I will persist till such time as he will open his heart to me and will guide me to the right path of God. It is incumbent upon the one who searches to drain the bitter cup of hardship.' The next morning I was at the door of the same house. I knocked harder than the previous day. This time the Mulla himself came to the door and the moment he opened it, I said, 'I will not go away, I will not leave you until you tell me the whole truth.' This time he found me earnest and true. He became sure that I had not been at his door to spy or cause difficulties for him and his friends."
Ahmad was then instructed to attend the evening prayers at a certain mosque where the same Mulla led the congregational prayers followed by a long sermon. He was also told to follow the Mulla after the sermon was over. The next night Ahmad tried his utmost to find the Mulla after the prayer and the sermon, but crowds of people surrounded him and Ahmad did not have the slightest chance to even approach him. The next day when the two met again Ahmad was instructed to go to another mosque at night and a third person would be there to show him the way. Accordingly Ahmad was at the mosque at sunset and as promised, after the evening prayers, a certain person came to him and beckoned him to follow. Without hesitation or fear Ahmad followed. Now the three men started to walk like shadows in the darkness of the night, through narrow and obscure lanes. Ahmad, a complete stranger, never wavered nor faltered nor fled. He took every step with great determination and was ready for any outcome.
At last they reached a certain house. They knocked at the door very gently and it was opened immediately. The newcomers went in very quickly. They passed through a covered passageway, reached a small courtyard, climbed a few steps and were at the door of an upper chamber where a very dignified figure was sitting. The Mulla approached that revered personage with great humility and absolute reverence and courteously whispered; "This is the man I told you about,"' and indicated Ahmad, who had been standing at the threshold with utter respect and high expectation. "Welcome. Please come in and be seated," said the man. Ahmad then entered the room and sat down on the floor.
The host was no less a person than Mulla Sadiq (Truthful), one of the early believers during the Báb's ministry and very distinguished for his erudition, audacity and steadfastness. During Bahá'u'lláh's ministry the same Mulla Sadiq (Truthful) displayed such great ardour and zeal that he was entitled 'Asdaq (the most truthful) by Bahá'u'lláh.
A Treasure is Found
Ahmad who for twenty-five years had been wandering in the valleys of search and had nowhere found even a drop to quench his thirst; now found a path to the main spring. With parched lips and an insatiable longing he drank in the sweet scented stream of the verses of God through His new Manifestation. Three sessions were sufficient and he embraced the Faith with all his heart and soul. So elated, exalted and over-enthusiastic he looked, that 'Asdaq exhorted him to return to has family in Kashan and insisted that he should not mention the Faith to the people, not even to his own wife.
Those days were days of extreme danger to the nascent Cause of God. The few followers recruited from the poor people of the world were forever the targets of many atrocities. Even the air was imbued with suspicion, spying and slander. Therefore the friends had to be very careful, lest the slightest unwise deed or even a foolish word would ignite a never-ending conflagration that would consume the believers in its flame.
'Asdaq, knowing how Ahmad had suffered, felt that he had no money to go back home; therefore he gave him some small gift for his family and the sum of three tumans ($1) and again advised him to be very wise.
Commenting upon his return to Kashan, Ahmad has said: "When I reached Kashan, everyone asked what had happened that I had left everything so abruptly. I told them: 'My longing for pilgrimage was too great to resist, and I was right.' What else could take me away from my work, my house and my family except that innermost yearning? The instant I heard these words from the traveller there was no more patience left in me."
In Kashan he resumed his work, but longed to teach the Faith. He heard rumours that a certain man by the name of Haji Mirza Jani had changed his faith and had become the follower of a new obscure religion. He searched for him and when the two found each other, there was no end to their joy and excitement. They became fast friends, constant companions and the first and only Bábís of that town.
One day, Haji Mirza Jani went to Ahmad and with great enthusiasm and uncontrollable excitement asked him, "Would you like to visit the countenance of Your Lord?" Ahmad's heart leapt up. With much joy and ecstasy he immediately got up from his seat and asked, "How and when?" Haji explained to him how he had arranged with the guards to have the Báb in his house as a guest for two or three nights. Therefore at the appointed hour Ahmad went to Haji's house. When he entered, his eyes fell on a face the beauty of which surpassed heaven and earth. A young Siyyid was sitting with such meekness, grandeur and majesty that one could not help but behold the light of God in His countenance. Some of the divines and dignitaries of the town were seated on the floor around and the servants stood at the door.
One of the Mullas faced the Báb and said, "We have heard that a certain young man in Shiraz has claimed to be the Báb. Is it true?" "Yes," answered the Báb. "And does he reveal verses, too?" asked the same man. The Báb responded, "And We reveal verses, too."
Ahmad has further said, "This clear, end courageous answer was sufficient for anyone who had ears to hear and eyes to see and find the whole truth immediately. His beautiful face and His powerful Words and presence sufficed all things. But when they served tea and a cup was offered to the Báb, He immediately took it, called the servant of the same Mulla and very graciously gave it to him. The day after, the very same humble servant came to me and with great sorrow deplored the stupidity of his master. A little explanation as to the station of the Báb brought him to our fold and our number grew to be three.
This small nucleus started to grow and the number of the adherents Increased. This angered the divines who used all their cunning to stop the flow of the already powerful stream of life. They instigated the cruel ignorant mob to plunder, confiscate and kill all those who bore the name of the Báb. Every day they would go to a house, so enraged that they would break its doors and windows, destroy the building and plunder and loot the contents. In the evening one would find the bodies of people dead in the streets and lanes and even scattered over neighbouring mountain and plains. This continued and Ahmad's house was no exception. Ahmad then had to hide in a tower for forty days and the friends used to take him food and provisions.
Journey to the Abode of Peace
Finding life unbearable in Kashan and hearing that Baghdad had become a point of attraction, he decided to go there.
"And God calleth to the Abode of Peace (Baghdad) and He guideth whom He will into the right way."
In the darkness of the night, Ahmad emerged from his hiding place and scaled the wails of the city to make his way to Baghdad. He travelled on foot, full of love, enthusiasm and eagerness to behold the countenance of the One Whom God would make manifest. As he was walking, he came across another man travelling same direction. Afraid of being molested further, Ahmad tried to ignore the stranger, uttering not a word, but the man persisted in walking by his side. Taking great care never to even allude to the Faith or the purpose of his journey, Ahmad and his fellow-traveller reached their destination. On arrival in Baghdad, they separated and Ahmad immediately set out searching for the House of Bahá'u'lláh. When he found the House and entered therein, he found, to his utter astonishment, that his companion was there, too. He then understood that his friend was also a Bábí and had been on his way to attain the presence of the Blessed Beauty.
Ahmad in the Presence of Bahá'u'lláh
It was a breathtaking experience for a man like Ahmad who all through his life had been searching for this immense spiritual Fountainhead. When for the first time he glanced at the youthful countenance of Bahá'u'lláh - a Face full of charm, freshness of colour and penetrating powers, he was overwhelmed. He came to his senses only through the mirthful remark of the Ancient Beauty, "He becomes a Bábí and then hides in the tower!"
Bahá'u'lláh allowed him to remain in Baghdad and have his residence very close to the House. Ahmad immediately installed his small cloth-making machine and was the happiest man in the world. What else does one expect? To live at the time of the Supreme Manifestation of God, adore Him, be loved by Him and be so close to Him in heart and soul and even in residence.
When once asked about the events of the years he spent in such close proximity to Bahá'u'lláh, with tears in his eyes he said, "How innumerable, how great and how immensely mighty were the events of those years. Our nights were filled with memorable episodes. Joyful and at times sorrowful were our experiences, yet beyond the power of anyone to describe. For example, one day as the Blessed Beauty was walking, a certain government officer approached Him and reported that one of His followers had been killed and his body thrown on the river bank. The Tongue of Power and Might replied, "No one has killed him. Through seventy thousand veils of light We showed him the glory of God to an extent smaller than a needle's eye; therefore, he could no more bear the burden of his life and has offered himself as a sacrifice."
When the caliph's decree was conveyed to Bahá'u'lláh and He had to leave Baghdad for Istanbul, He left the town on the thirty-second day after Naw-Ruz for the Ridvan Garden. On that same day the river overflowed and only on the ninth day was it possible for His family to join Him in the Garden. The river then overflowed a second time, and on the twelfth day it subsided and all went to Him. Ahmad begged Bahá'u'lláh to be amongst His companions in exile, but Bahá'u'lláh did not accede to this request. He chose a few people and instructed the others to stay to teach and protect the Cause emphasizing that this would be better for the Faith of God. At the time of His departure, those who were left behind stood in a row and all were so overcome with sorrow that they burst into tears. Bahá'u'lláh again approached them and consoled them saying: "It is better for the Cause. Some of these people who accompany me are liable to do mischief; therefore I am taking them with Myself." One of the friends could scarcely control his anguish and sorrow. He addressed the crowd reciting this poem of Sa'di:
"Let us all rise to weep like unto the clouds of the Spring Season. On the day when lovers are separated from their Beloved, one can even hear the lamentations of stones."
Bahá'u'lláh then said, "Verily this was said for this day." Then He mounted His horse and one of the friends placed a sack of coins in front of the saddle and Bahá'u'lláh started to distribute the coins to the bewailing poor who were standing by. When they ran to Him and pushed one another, He plunged His hand in the sack and poured all the coins out saying, "Gather them yourselves!"
Ahmad saw his Beloved disappear from his sight headed for an unknown destination. Little did he know that He was like unto the sun rising towards the zenith of might and power. Sad at heart and utterly distressed in soul, he returned to Baghdad, which to him seemed devoid of any attraction. He tried to make himself happy by gathering the friends and encouraging them to disperse and teach the Faith which had just been declared. Though actively serving the Cause, he was not happy. All that could keep him happy was nearness to his Beloved.
The Tablet is Revealed
After a few years he once again left his home and work and set out on foot towards Adrianople, the city of his love and and desire.
When he reached Istanbul he received a Tablet from Bahá'u'lláh, now well known as "The Tablet of Ahmad." He describes receipt of this Tablet as follows: "I received the Tablet of 'The Nightingale of Paradise' and reading it again and again, I found out that my Beloved desired me to go and teach His Cause. Therefore I preferred obedience to visiting Him."
He was specially commissioned to travel through Persia, find the old Bábí families and convey to them the new message of the Lord. Hence such glorious reference to the Báb in this Tablet. The task was arduous beyond description and therefore such exhortations as, "Be thou a flame of fire to My enemies and a river of life eternal to My loved ones and be not of those who doubt." The path to be pursued by him would be full of blood, thorns and hardships to be borne, but followed by such soul-stirring promises of victory as "And if thou art overtaken by affliction in My path, or degradation for My sake, be not thou troubled thereby."
With this divine amulet in his possession - a small piece of paper which had been "invested by Bahá'u'lláh with a special potency and significance," and clad in the simple garments of a mendicant, Ahmad made his way back to Persia. He entered the country from the district where the Báb had been imprisoned and martyred and crossed this region like unto the breeze of life. Many of the Bábís were thus enabled to see the sun then shining from Adrianople and even many of the Moslems embraced the Faith wholeheartedly.
"Glad Tidings of the Nearness of God"
Ahmad became the embodiment of his own Tablet. Such persistence, undaunted spirit, tenacity and steadfastness as his are hardly to be found any annals of the Cause. When he found a contact, although he suffered afflictions and degradations, he would return again and again to finish that which had been left half discussed.
For example, when he was travelling throughout the Province of Khurasan, he went to the house of a very well known Bábí family, the head of which was no less a person than Furughi - one of the survivors of the Tabarsi upheaval. Ahmad went in and gradually opened the subject and in very frank, vigorous and emphatic terms explained that the One to be manifested by God was none other than Bahá'u'lláh whose light was then shining from the horizon of the "Remote Prison" - Adrianople.
Furughi, who has so audaciously fought in Tabarsi, started a fight here, too. The discussion became more intense as the hours went by. Furughi became very angry, attacked Ahmad, breaking one his teeth and threw him out of the house.
Ahmad left broken-hearted; but, undaunted, he later returned, knocked at the door and told them that he would not go until such time as the subject was fully discussed and some definite conclusions reached.
We must bear in mind that the Bábís were in such great danger that even a piece of paper bearing the verses of the Báb found in any house was enough for the house to be demolished and the inhabitants to be sent to prison or even to the field of martyrdom.
Therefore many of the friends hid their books and writings in the walls of their houses. When Ahmad went to Furughi's house for the second time to resume the discussion, he said emphatically that the Greatest Name BAHA had very often been mentioned by the Báb in all His Writings. Furughi challenged the truth of this statement. To prove to Ahmad that he was wrong, he tore a part of the wall down and brought out a bundle containing the Writings of the Báb, and promised not to say a word against the explicit texts. Ahmad says, "The very first one we opened referred to the name of Baha." As promised, Furughi and all the members of his family accepted the Faith of Bahá'u'lláh and became zealous defenders and very outstanding in its propagation and protection.
"A Flame of Fire"
After crossing all the lands of Khurasan, Ahmad decided to go once more to Baghdad to convey the message of love and greetings on behalf of Bahá'u'lláh to all the friends of that very important city, but unfortunately on the way he again fell sick and could not reach Baghdad. In addition, in Tihran, some of the divines of Kashan recognized him and lodged complaints against him at the court of the King, who was ever ready to inflict hardship on the adherents of the new Faith. He was consequently arrested and committed to the hands of a certain young officer who was ordered to investigate the case and if he was sure that his victim had gone astray, to put him to death immediately.
The young officer did not wish to molest Ahmad and therefore insisted that he should recant his Faith. Ahmad says, "At that moment I was at the height of my faith and enthusiasm and never for one moment even thought of recanting." Ever ready to lay down his life in the path of the Cause, he served with such self-sacrifice, he insisted that he was not a Bábí, but a Bahá'í, a follower of the Supreme Manifestation. He was detained and while in prison he heard of the sudden and severe illness of the officer's wife. In great fright and in extreme distress, the officer came to Ahmad and said, "Should my wife recover, I will release you," and after three days the young man, heedless of the dire consequences to himself, took Ahmad to the gate of Tihran and set him free.
"A River of Life Eternal"
Released like a bird, he first went to the villages where some sifters of wheat were Bábís. They received him with the utmost love and courtesy. They offered him hospitality and he guided them to the right path of God and in great rejoicing Ahmad left them and made his way to the Province of Fars, the capital of which was Shiraz.
He lived in this Province for about a quarter of a century. He became the constant companion of the wronged and afflicted ones. He consoled them during times of persecution and gave them hope and vision of the ever-widening horizons of victories and triumphs.
It was through the old people of this district of Persia that this humble servant, the writer, came to hear the distant echoes of a glorious dervish living amongst the villagers and that he had been to them an angel of protection, guidance and mercy. Such rumours set me to search about for him and then I found out that this adorable individual was our precious Ahmad - a name now mentioned throughout the world with so much love and devotion.
Ahmad received many of the travelling teachers who passed through this part of Persia and feasted with them in his humble abode, mentioning God, His Faith and recounting the experience of the many teachers who had been in those days quickening many souls.
One of the most touching incidents as related by himself was the following: "One day a man barely clad and almost barefooted came to the door of my house. He was utterly exhausted and worn out. His clothes were stiff and brownish with a mixture of dust and perspiration. He happened to be Haji Mirza Haydar-Ali. I immediately helped him to take off his clothes. I washed them and spread them in the sun to dry while he rested, waiting for the friends to come for a meeting."
"Steadfast in my Love"
The years passed by full of eventful days, but when the waves of persecution spread all over Persia, the friends in their love and admiration for Ahmad endeavoured to protect him against fatal attacks and after long consultations, they suggested to him that he immediately leave that forlorn and forsaken corner of the country for a more populated centre. Wherever Ahmad went, the friends suggested the same thing to him. He was so well known through the length and breadth of the country that his mere presence would cause agitation amongst the bigoted Muslims whose first arrows would be aimed at Ahmad himself. After changing many places of residence many times, he settled in Tihran. He never wavered, nor was he ever anything but that "flame of fire" and "the river of life eternal." After having lived one century, always enjoying good health, he passed on to the presence of his Beloved in 1905 in Tihran.
As to the family of Ahmad, he had two children: a son called Mirza Mohammed and a daughter Khanum Guhar. When Ahmad's house was confiscated, Mirza Mohammed, his wife and children left the city of Kashan for Tihran. He, his wife and small daughter died on their way to Tihran. The traces of their graves - if any - are lost forever.
There remained only their son, Jamal, aged five. The mule drivers who used to take food from Provinces to Tihran, not knowing that Jamal was a son of Bábís, took pity on the forsaken and homeless child and placing him on one of the loads brought him to Tihran. In that great capital the poor child was left all alone and no one even told him of his glorious ancestry or of the Faith in the path of which the family had borne so many afflictions and untold hardships. He was left in this state until his aunt Khanum Guhar also went to Tihran. When Ahmad reached the capital, he came to know of his grandson whom he loved very much. He took him under the wings of his own love and protection and Jamal grew to be an excellent Bahá'í. His most outstanding characteristic was his iron determination and his indefatigable energy. Nothing could ever deflect this man from the straight path of God, though to him it had always been narrow and strewn with thorns, blood and multifarious plights and calamities. Towards the end of his life, Ahmad entrusted the original Tablet to Jamal who in turn, out of the purity of his heart and his devotion to the Faith of God offered it as a gift to Hand of the Cause, Trustee of Huquq, the son and brother of two illustrious martyrs, Jinab-i-Valiyu'llah Varqa. When Jinab-i-Varqa, according to the instructions of the beloved Guardian, attended the opening ceremony of the Temple in Wilmette during the Intercontinental Conference of the year nine (1953), he brought this most precious Tablet as his offering to the archives of the Bahá'ís of the United States. Now the beloved friends of that country are the trustees of this great gift of God to humanity.

References
1. A letter written on the same subject by Jenab Eshragh Khawari at the request of Mrs. Amelia Collins in 1958.
2. Manuscripts sent to the author by Mirza Faz'lullah Shahidi of Khurasan.
3. Personal investigations from the Djamalis, descendants of the immortal Ahmad in Iran.
(Abu'l-Qasim Faizi, A Flame of Fire)

Monday, June 25, 2007

Searching for God in time and memory
An examination of Baha'i prayer as 'remembrance'

by Christopher White
Published in Reason and Revelation: Studies in the Babi and Baha'i Religions
13Los Angeles: Kalimat Press, 2002

Abstract

This paper attempts to describe Bahá'í prayer practices in a way that will help both Bahá'ís and scholars of religion better understand and interpret these practices. I begin by borrowing from the Bahá'í scriptures what appears to be an important way of talking about Bahá'í prayer: that is, prayer is a process of "remembering."
I then move on to an extended reflection on prayer as "remembrance," examining several ways that understanding Bahá'í prayer as remembrance might help interpreters of Bahá'í worship practices better understand Bahá'í conceptions of God, human nature and the divine-human relationship. I suggest that prayer in the Bahá'í tradition is a process of first understanding and then overcoming the problematic gap between the human and divine worlds. In the final part of the paper I point out that the obligatory prayers can be understood as a particularly efficacious practice of (literally) "re-membering" self, God and the divine-human relationship. Obligatory prayers are, in Bahá'í language, of "special potency and significance" because they enlist both mind and body in a discipline of remembering.It is almost impossible to overstate the importance of prayer to the Bahá'í tradition. While the requirements for prayer and other forms of worship are somewhat relaxed in comparison with the Islamic and the Bábí traditions, the Bahá'í religion upholds prayer and meditation as "the best of all [human] conditions," as the source of the "spiritual nourishment" needed for individual and social progress and, because all human beings have been created to "know and love" God, as one of the main ways to fulfill the purpose of human life.(1) It comes as no surprise that daily prayer is required of all Bahá'ís, who, more specifically, have been told to recite "the verses of God every morn and eventide."(2) Though Bahá'ís can worship together in groups if they wish, there is only one prescribed congregational prayer (the prayer for the departed); prayer is generally considered an individual affair. Even the obligatory prayer (salat), considered by Muslims to be more meritorious when said in congregation, is generally performed by Bahá'ís in private, perhaps because it is in private that individuals can give their "best attention to the remembrance of God."(3) In general, then, Bahá'í teachings dwell on the interior aspects of praying – one's inner attitudes and dispositions – rather than ritual requirements: human beings should pray to God because they want to express their love for him or want to know and understand him and his purpose for their lives, not because they fear his wrath or crave his grace. Prayer is about remaking one's self, not remaking God.
Bahá'ís pray every day because they believe prayer brings them closer to the source of all life. Like adherents of most other religions, Bahá'ís pray in order to overcome – if only temporarily – the gap between the divine and human worlds, between Creator and created. In the Bahá'í scriptures this problematic gap often is glossed simply as a "separation" from God; themes of separation and reunion, of estrangement and reconciliation with God, are conspicuous in Bahá'u'lláh's prayers and in his more mystical writings. At first glance, the separation between us and God does not seem too great: God is closer to the human reality, Bahá'u'lláh writes in a well-known passage, than the jugular vein.(4)

In another passage Bahá'u'lláh confirms that God is closer than we might think: "Turn thy sight unto thyself," he says, "and you will find Me standing within thee, mighty, powerful and self-subsisting."(5)

Moreover, while spiritual seekers may not find belief easy or instantaneous, Bahá'u'lláh assures us that the sincere will be aided in their search for God by that God-given "trust" which instinctively yearns for its creator, the human heart.(6)

Human beings, we might say, are hardwired for God.(7)

This is not, unfortunately, the whole story. God is not simply resident within us, easy to perceive, know and love.

The immanent God of the Bahá'í scriptures has a transcendent side to be sure: God is "immeasurably exalted," Bahá'u'lláh repeatedly stresses, "above all created things" – so much so in fact that in the final analysis God's reality can never be known by human beings.

Bahá'u'lláh describes God's remoteness concisely: "Every way" to the adequate comprehension of God and his creative word, he writes simply, "is barred."(8)

At this point, the gap between creator and created suddenly appears more problematic. How is it that God can be both immanent in the human heart and hidden, distant and unknown? Why is it that, in Bahá'u'lláh's words, "At all times I am near unto thee, but thou art ever far from Me"?(9)

The paradox of a God who is both astonishingly near and frustratingly hidden is expressed in Bahá'í prayers in language that returns our attention to what it means to be human.

As it turns out, the human heart, that "seat of the All-Merciful," also has one quite grievous shortcoming: it has a short memory. All too often it is, Bahá'u'lláh confirms with apparent regret, "forgetful of its Creator."(10)

Here then is the reason that the God who has his home within us seems so far away: we have forgotten he is there. We have forgotten our closeness to him. Overcoming this forgetfulness, I will argue, is the main task of Bahá'í prayer.(11)

Stated more positively, the purpose of Bahá'í prayer is to "remember."

While there are several reasons to think about Bahá'í prayer as remembrance or remembering, the best reason to do so is simply that Bahá'í prayers themselves describe worship in this way.

Bahá'u'lláh's prayers are loaded with words like "remembrance" and "forgetfulness." To take one suggestive example, in Prayers and Meditations by Bahá'u'lláh, "remember" and "forget" and their variants appear 110 times in the prayers translated there by Shoghi Effendi.(12)

Reading from this collection, worshippers can affirm that God's "remembrance" is their companion in times of loneliness, their healer in times of sickness, their succour in times of anxiety or sadness.(13)
It comes as no surprise then that believers might also ask God to help them "remember him" "at all times and under all conditions," hoping, in the words of another prayer, that their hearts might be totally remade into "a receptacle of Thy love and of remembrance of Thee."(14)

Of course, remaking one's heart into a place that contains "naught except the treasures of [God's] remembrance and praise" requires hard work and, possibly, some good role models.(15)

Fortunately, the prayers in this same collection speak of spiritual heroes worthy of imitation – faithful believers whose hearts "were so carried away by the sweet savours of Thine inspiration that every single member of their bodies intoned Thy praise and vibrated to Thy remembrance" – and villains who, despite God's lamentations, had "forgotten the wonders of [his] mercy."(16)

Bahá'ís really moved by the spirit of these prayers might also promise that "nothing whatsoever" would withhold them from "remembering" God, "though all the tribulations of the earth were to assault [them] from every direction."(17)

In general, this collection of prayers leaves little doubt about the importance of "remembering."
The word translated as "remember" or alternately "mention" of God is the Persian (and Arabic) term dhikr, a word well known to scholars of Islamic mysticism.

For Muslim mystics or Sufis, dhikr stands for a range of spiritual practices intended to put believers in a constant state of divine awareness. Dhikr practices vary considerably, depending on the particular beliefs and practices of each Sufi order. In some orders, novices learn and repeat different formulae of divine names, until, in Annemarie Schimmel's words, the dhikr so permeates the student's being that he or she forgets the recollection of everything other than God.(18)
Dhikr can be performed silently (dhikr of the heart) or out loud (dhikr of the tongue), in public and in private. God should be remembered at all times and in all places, for the believer who "remembers God permanently is the true companion of God."(19)

Dhikr can also involve chanting, singing, dancing and – yes – even getting drunk. While it is safe to say that Bahá'u'lláh rejected this latter method of "remembrance," recent commentators have debated the extent to which Bábís and early Bahá'ís followed other Sufi dhikr practices like repetitive chanting.(20)

My sense is that while many, if not most, of the specific Sufi dhikr practices were rejected or simplified in Bahá'u'lláh's writings, Bahá'u'lláh does retain the word dhikr to describe the process (perhaps it is better to say the discipline) of worship. The question is why? Why is prayer a discipline of remembering? Who or what are we remembering in prayer?

There are no doubt several meanings of "remember" as it is used in Bahá'í prayers, many of which I cannot explore here. My brief review of Sufi dhikr reminds us of one of them: that remembrance of God is about repeatedly calling God to mind, praying to him, mentioning his names. We remember God in this sense when, as is the case in the short obligatory prayer, we speak of him as mighty, wealthy, helpful and self-subsisting. In the medium and long obligatory prayers we call to mind and also physically enact God's sovereignty, his mercy and his greatness through coordinated verses and postures. By the end of any of the obligatory prayers, worshippers know their God and have called him to mind several times. They have also remembered their own place in the universe; God is mighty and humans are by comparison powerless, God is wealthy and humans are impoverished, God is helpful and forgiving, and humans are the recipients of that assistance, forgiveness and love. So remembrance of God on one level is simply calling God to mind and trying to live with an awareness of that knowledge.
There may be other, less apparent meanings of "remembrance" however. What if prayer actually is about remembering a kinship to God that we once knew but have since forgotten? In a passage reminiscent of the Platonic tradition, Bahá'u'lláh asks all of us: "Have you forgotten that true and radiant morn when in these hallowed and blessed surroundings ye were all gathered in My presence beneath the shade of the tree of life, which is planted in the all-glorious paradise?" As if anticipating our response – yes, we did indeed forget – he continues to recall a very distant past that few of us could claim to remember:
Awestruck ye listened as I gave utterance to these three most holy words: O friends! Prefer not your will to Mine, never desire that which I have not desired for you, and approach Me not with lifeless hearts, defiled with worldly desires and cravings. Would ye but sanctify your souls, ye would at this present hour recall that place and those surroundings, and the truth of My utterance should be made evident unto all of you.(21)

Whether we interpret this passage as a literal account of our beginnings or merely a metaphor of our kinship to God, the language of remembering and forgetting is striking. We are asked to remember that time before time (in illo tempore) when, upon gathering us together in "paradise," God whispered to us the secrets of life. Is this passage, and indeed all scripture, intended as a kind of mnemonic device? Is it intended to jog our memories, encouraging us to "sanctify our souls" in order to recall our "true and radiant" origins and our kinship with God? Other scriptures make it clear that the passage of time and our own absorption in the "changes and chances" of the contingent world have indeed left us forgetful of the deepest truths about self and God. "The True One possesseth invisible worlds," 'Abdu'l-Bahá explains, worlds which can be sensed only if we "purify and clarify" our "spiritual nostrils from every worldly moisture."(22) This is not the only time the Bahá'í scriptures instruct believers to purify their hearts and minds in order to remember a long-forgotten meeting with God.(23)

This passage also reminds us that while "the world" is not bad per se (only undue attention to it is considered blameworthy), it does force upon us one thing that unfailingly separates us from our creator: time. Time makes forgetfulness possible. "In the sight of God the past, the present and the future are all one and the same," 'Abdu'l-Bahá explains, "whereas, relative to man, the past is gone and forgotten, the present is fleeting, and the future is within the realm of hope."(24)
While for God all contacts, contracts and covenants made with human beings in the contingent world exist simultaneously, for human beings these same events drift out of consciousness into that "gone and forgotten" past, that waste basket of experiences that are never repeated, called to mind or otherwise strengthened in memory. Except in moments of sanctification and prayerful remembrance we are unable to escape a consciousness of time. The daily practice of prayer, however, reminds us of spiritual truths forgotten in a lifetime (or, for that matter, in a day) by strengthening our memory of God and his teachings through practice and repetition. In this way, remembering collapses time, remembering closes the "gap of createdness" and makes us, as a result, more God-like (for, is God not in a constant state of remembrance?). "Remembrance of Thee is eternal" Bahá'u'lláh proclaims;(25) remembrance overcomes our embeddedness in time by returning us to a consciousness of events, ideas and values that endures.
Searching for God and self in memory is, of course, nothing new. For Plato and other classical thinkers, the search for truth involved "recollecting the world of primordial forms which the soul had contemplated in between this and its previous earthly existence." "Contemplative knowledge was pure and perfect, but the reincarnated soul drank from the spring of Lethe and forgot the knowledge it had obtained from direct contemplation of the Ideas." Here, learning rather than worship is recollection of "the real, the archaic forms, the transpersonal and eternal truths."(26)
Much later, a young Christian bishop struggling to find himself turned inward and in the process made famous the connections between memory, identity and God. "Ascending by steps to him who made me," Augustine writes in his autobiographical Confessions, "I come into the fields and spacious palaces of my memory." In memory this fourth century thinker found his true self and his God, both of them "various," "manifold" and "immense."(27)

For their part, Muslim thinkers have exfoliated the connections between memory and divine knowledge in countless theological and mystical works – so much so that one recent commentator has claimed that the duty of human beings in Islam "is simply to 'remember' (dhikr)."(28)

Taking their cue from mystics and theologians, a number of contemporary scholars of religion have begun examining exactly how memory functions for individuals and societies. Lawrence Sullivan has recently pointed out that forgetfulness usually leads to negative consequences: forgetfulness can cause disorientation, a fractured sense of identity and broken relationships. We can see how this might be the case, e.g., with someone afflicted with memory loss or Alzheimer's disease in old age. Without memories sustaining the web of relationships that bind us to others and to our community, our sense of identity unravels. On a communal level, societies recognize the importance of memory by institutionalizing or memorializing historical events in ritual, art and culture. Paul Connerton points out for this reason that religion and society are themselves forms of memory.(29)
Examples are legion. Societies memorialize personalities in statues and art, commemorate defining battles or conflicts by reenacting them, and remember founding principles by institutionalizing them in their legal and judicial systems. Religions memorialize key events and personalities in similar ways.
The Christian Eucharist is a good example of this, though there are many others. At communion, each Christian remembers Jesus's archetypal sacrifice by actually partaking of that sacrifice – that is, by eating Jesus's body and drinking his blood. Through this act, each Christian not only remembers Christ's sacrifice but comes to understand its relation to their lives: Christ died so we could live. This ritual places the individual Christian life into a wider context of meaning and in the process the life in the present takes on the meanings of the past. Like the Christian Eucharist, Bahá'í worship practices connect believers with the wider meanings of their tradition. Performing Bahá'í prayers gives believers a basic map of the world and reveals how they fit into it.
Probably no other Bahá'í prayer sets up this basic "map" of the world better than the obligatory prayers, prayers which, according to Bahá'í scriptures, are "by their very nature of greater effectiveness" and "endowed with a greater power than the non-obligatory ones."(30)

Unlike all other Bahá'í prayers, these prayers of "special potency and significance" coordinate bodily postures and prescribed verses in a discipline of attentiveness that involves both mind and body. These are the only prayers that come with specific instructions about how and when to perform them (in other words, these are the only prayers with what we could call ritual requirements). They typically are recited by individual Bahá'ís on a daily basis; they must be preceded by ablutions, or ritual washings of hands and face; they must be said at prescribed times; and they must be said while facing Bahjí, the place in Israel where Bahá'u'lláh is interred. Unlike other Bahá'í prayers, the obligatory prayers also incorporate bodily postures and gestures. Believers wash their hands and face while asking God to purify their bodies and minds, believers bow to the ground while affirming God's sovereignty, believers stand with raised arms and entreat God to see and hear their prayers. This carefully prescribed prayer environment is, as I have said, unusually efficacious: "Through such prayer," 'Abdu'l-Bahá explains, "man holdeth communion with God...converseth with the true Beloved of one's heart, and attaineth spiritual stations."(31)

Unfortunately, other than this short explanation of the power of the obligatory prayers and 'Abdu'l-Bahá's mysterious comment that "in every word and movement of the obligatory prayer there are allusions, mysteries and a wisdom that man is unable to comprehend,"(32) we know little about the obligatory prayers. Why are they "by their very nature of greater effectiveness"? What are the "allusions" and "mysteries" that are enshrined in their "every word and movement"?

Though I may be rushing in where angels fear to tread, I would like to spend the last few pages trying to unpack the meanings and significance of these singular prayers. I would to propose first that when prayers are practised instead of merely spoken they are more easily understood and reflected upon. Then I will propose, returning to my theme of remembrance, that the obligatory prayers are more efficacious than other Bahá'í prayers because unlike other prayers they enlist both body and mind in a discipline of remembrance.

In the obligatory prayers, bodily postures and gestures express and reinforce inner attitudes. For example, a believer's sense of humility in the face of the mystery of God is symbolized in a bow to the floor; a desire to purify oneself spiritually is translated into ritual washings of hands and face; an anticipation of God's help is transformed into expectant gazes and raised hands. To be sure, enacting our beliefs somehow makes them more real: humility, submission, love, praise – all are observed visually, experienced bodily and processed cognitively in the obligatory prayers. In a way, all inner dispositions are iconographically displayed in the postures of the obligatory prayers in such a way that they can be critically reflected upon. Observing themselves with hands raised in supplication believers might question the depth of their dependence on God. Do I need God enough to raise my hands to him and ask for his help? Do I feel inside the love I am expressing outwardly? There is a certain complementarity to thought and action in these prayers: bodily postures can express, reinforce and even challenge inner attitudes, and vice-versa. Perhaps this is what Shoghi Effendi meant when he pointed out that the movements of the obligatory prayers help believers "fully concentrate when praying and meditating."(33)
In these prayers, attitudes and actions, words and deeds harmonize to become, in 'Abdu'l-Bahá's words, a "beautiful prayer."

The body is not passive in this process. On the contrary, I would argue that the body can actually determine what is learned, felt or remembered while praying the obligatory prayers. Evidence for this claim comes from several quadrants.
First of all, Bahá'í scriptures themselves repeatedly point out the connections between outer behaviours and inner dispositions. 'Abdu'l-Bahá points out in several passages that the body (or more generally, the material world) can dramatically influence the life of the spirit. "The eye sees; the heart is affected. The ear hears; the spirit is influenced. The heart is at rest; the thoughts become serene, and for all the members of man's body a pleasant condition is realized." In short, the sensations of the body affect the spirit.(34)
In another passage that seems to corroborate this point, Shoghi Effendi points out that the "mystic feeling which unites man with God" is principally "brought about and maintained by means of meditation and prayer."(35)
In other words, outer acts of worship do not just express inner attitudes of devotion – they cultivate these attitudes. Applying this argument to the obligatory prayers, I would argue that the act of bowing one's forehead to the ground actually creates a sense of humility; that the act of washing one's face and hands actually creates a feeling of inner purity; that raising one's hands to God actually creates a sense of expectation. This may seem an odd or counter-intuitive conclusion, especially for those of us living in cultures that distinguish sharply between mind and matter and identify spirituality only with the former. Nevertheless, it seems to be the conclusion suggested by the Bahá'í scriptures and, for that matter, by a great deal of corroborating literature in the social sciences beginning with the James-Lange theory of emotions.(36) An important implication of my conclusion here is that people who would like to believe – people who would like to feel a love for God but do not – can pray with the hope that the act of praying itself will bring about belief. Those interested in exploring the question of God or belief in him might experiment with prayer.

In addition to expressing, creating and sustaining inner dispositions, the body is accomplishing something else in the obligatory prayers – it is remembering.
Remembering the words and meanings of the obligatory prayers takes place on a bodily level as physical postures and gestures are associated with certain attitudes and dispositions towards God.
As the body sits, as it stands, as it drops to the ground or raises its hands, it calls to mind the verses and inner dispositions associated with these postures. The body, in other words, becomes a mnemonic device. I
n the long obligatory prayer for example, the believer stands, gazes to the right and the left "as if awaiting the mercy of his Lord" and invokes God by saying "O Thou Who art the Lord of all names and the Maker of the heavens!" After several more verses the believer raises his or her hands and supplicates God with several more prescribed verses. Then the believer kneels, bows his or her head to the ground and recites: "Exalted art Thou above the description of anyone save Thyself...."(37)
The series continues – a different verse is associated with each posture. When the prayer is repeated, the body and its postures and gestures help cue in memory the appropriate verses and their meanings. In several cultures around the world, novices memorize their own traditions and scriptures in a similar way – that is, by associating them with head or body positions.(38)

Scholars who have studied how peoples and cultures remember their traditions have argued recently that the body itself has an ability to remember and know. Paul Connerton and Tom Kasulis have observed that habitual bodily activities, like typing for instance, remain a kind of knowledge and memory in the body. We remember how to type when we sit at the keypad not because we think about "the place of each letter among the keys" but because our bodies have a "knowledge bred of familiarity in our lived space."(39)
In other words, our fingers know where the letters are without us having to "think" about where they are. Many examples could be chosen to illustrate how the body learns and remembers through habitual activity. Playing tennis, playing a musical instrument, driving a car – all involve the body in a kind of embodied knowing and remembering that is made possible by habitual activity. This is also a type of memory that is particularly robust. Every culture, Connerton writes, "will entrust to bodily automatisms the values and categories which they are most anxious to conserve. They will know how well the past can be kept in mind by a habitual memory sedimented in the body."(40)

Borrowing Connerton's language, we might say that the "bodily automatisms," or the coordinated postures and verses of the obligatory prayers, are "sedimenting" some of the most important values of the Bahá'í religion in each worshipper's body. This is, to be sure, a powerful type of "remembering."(41)

The "bodily automatisms" of prayer can be just that – mindless rituals. And they can be seen as such by scholars. But they can also be read as those actions that incarnate Bahá'í principles, translating ideas into actions in ways that protect them from the forgetting that invariably comes with the passage of time. Human absorption in the "changes and chances" of the world, as I have suggested, can leave us forgetful of our true origins in, and with, God. Once recalled in prayer and scripture however, knowledge of our kinship to God has the potential to remake us in the present: Bahá'í prayer places a picture of the world as it really is before believers and re-places them in that world as sons or daughters of God, as humble believers, as servants of God and others. In the end, then, prayer is not about remaking God but remaking (literally, "re-membering") one's self. Put another way, prayer reconstitutes the self as a self-in-God. In the obligatory prayers, as we have seen, this discipline finds its most powerful form, for here body and mind together remember and are in turn "re-membered": rehearsed in the mind and enacted in the body, the words of the obligatory prayers recreate the whole person, body and mind, in their image.

Endnotes
'Abdu'l-Bahá, Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Bahá (Haifa: Bahá'í World Centre, 1978) 202; Shoghi Effendi, Directives from the Guardian (New Delhi: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1973) 86-7.
Bahá'u'lláh, The Kitab-i-Aqdás: The Most Holy Book (Haifa: Bahá'í World Centre, 1992) 73.
The Báb, Selections from the Writings of the Bab (Haifa: Bahá'í World Centre, 1976) 93-4.
See Bahá'u'lláh, Gleanings from the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh (Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1994) 185. The passage reads: "Considering what God hath revealed, that 'We are closer to man than his life-vein,' the poet hath, in allusion to this verse, stated that, though the revelation of my Best-Beloved hath so permeated my being that He is closer to me than my life-vein, yet, notwithstanding my certitude of its reality and my recognition of my station, I am still so far removed from Him." For the Qur'anic verse, see sura 50:16.
Bahá'u'lláh, The Hidden Words (Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1990) 7.
Ibid., 6, 17. Elsewhere in the Bahá'í writings the human capacity to know and love God is associated with the "soul," as seems to be the case in Bahá'u'lláh, Gleanings 158-9: "Know, verily that the soul is a sign of God, a heavenly gem....It is the first among all created things to declare the excellence of its Creator, the first to recognize His glory, to cleave to His truth, and to bow down in adoration before Him." "Soul" and "heart" seem to be used synonymously in the Bahá'í scriptures.
This is not a new idea. For centuries, Christian theologians and Muslim mystics (particularly Sufis such as, e.g., Rumi and Attar) have spoken of an inborn capacity to know God.
Bahá'u'lláh, Gleanings 4.
Bahá'u'lláh, The Hidden Words 29. See also Bahá'u'lláh, Gleanings 185.
Bahá'u'lláh, Gleanings 185.
Though it is beyond the purview of the current paper, we might also argue that the main purpose of Bahá'í life in general is remembrance. In other words, remembrance can be understood not simply as one activity (e.g., prayer) but as the central activity of collective Bahá'í life, especially as it is institutionalized in, for example, the Mashriqu'l-adhkar (literally, the dawning-place of the remembrance of God). There are many other ways in which memories of both God and Bahá'í traditions are institutionalized in Bahá'í life (e.g., in texts, statuary, architecture and art). The author is currently working on expanding this analysis to include these other activities.
Using an internet search tool called "Trueseeker" (http://sunsite.unc.edu/Bahá'í/TrueSeeker/), I scanned several of Bahá'u'lláh's writings for the words "remember" and "forget" and their variants ("remembered," "remembering," "remembrance," "remembers," "forgot," "forgotten," "forgetful," "forgetfulness," and "forgets"). The results from my analysis of Prayers and Meditations (Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1996) were as follows: "remember" occurred 16 times; "remembered," 4 times; "remembering," 13 times; "remembrance," 66 times; "remembers," 0 times; "forgot," 0 times; "forgotten," 4 times; "forgetful," 4 times; "forgetfulness," 3 times; "forgets," 0 times. Any irrelevant "hits" were left out of the tallies here (e.g., "forgot" actually appears once in Prayers and Meditations but it is not used to describe worship or worship practices. It was therefore left out of the final count.)
XV:29; LXXVII:126-7.
XLIV:63; XL:56-7.
LXIV:102.
LXXXV:144; XXXII:39.
XC:151-2.
Annemarie Schimmel, Mystical Dimensions of Islam (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975) 171.
Ruzbihan Baqli, quoted in Schimmel, Mystical 167-8. The practice of dhikr has some Qur'anic warrants. Sura 33:40 commands believers to "recollect God often." Sura 13:28 confirms that "the recollection of God makes the heart calm." See Schimmel, Mystical 166-190.
See Steven Scholl's paper "The Remembrance of God: An invocation technique in Sufism and the Writings of the Báb and Bahá'u'lláh" and rejoinders. Published in Bahá'í Studies Bulletin 2.3 (December 1983): 73f-104f.
Bahá'u'lláh, The Hidden Words 27-8.
Quoted in Bahá'í World Faith: Selected Writings of Bahá'u'lláh and 'Abdu'l-Bahá (Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1976) 393.
See 'Abdu'l-Bahá, Selections 207.
See 'Abdu'l-Bahá, Selections 207.
Bahá'u'lláh, Prayers and Meditations 127.
Lawrence Sullivan, "Memory Distortion and Anamnesis: A View from the Human Sciences," in Daniel Schacter et al. (eds.) Memory Distortion: How Minds, Brains and Societies Reconstruct the Past (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997) 387.
See Augustine, Confessions (trans. John Ryan) (New York: Doubleday, 1960) X:8, 236 and X:17, 246.
William C. Chittick, quoted in Lawrence Sullivan, "Memory Distortion and Anamnesis" 388.
See Paul Connerton, How Societies Remember (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992) passim.
From a letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, dated 4 January 1936 to an individual believer. Quoted in The Universal House of Justice (ed.), The Compilation of Compilations (vol. 2) (Maryborough: Bahá'í Publications Australia, 1991) 238.
Quoted in Compilation (vol. 2) 232.
Ibid., 233.
From a letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi, dated 5 November 1934 to an individual believer. Quoted in ibid., 237.
'Abdu'l-Bahá, Some Answered Questions. (Wilmette: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1985) 244-7. There are, of course, many ways in which the body affects the spirit in Bahá'í belief and practice. We might cite Bahá'í teachings on cleanliness or on chastity as two suggestive examples.
Shoghi Effendi, Directives 86-7. My emphasis.
Contemporary advocates of the James-Lange theory contend that bodily activities (smiling, crying, etc.) are often prior to their corresponding emotions. In other words, these thinkers argue that bodily activities cause feelings. For an introduction to this literature see Robert Zajonc et al. Emotions, Cognition and Behavior (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984). See also William James, Principles of Psychology (vol. 2) (New York: Holt, 1890) 1066; Robert B. Zajonc, "Feeling and Thinking: Preferences Need no Inferences," American Psychologist 35 (1980): 151-175; Robert Zajonc, "The Face as a Primary Instrument of Social Process," in R. Zajonc and S. Moscovici (eds.), Social Psychology and the Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, in press); and Gerald Clore, Can Emotions be Nonconscious? (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).
For the prayers themselves and the instructions that go with them see Bahá'u'lláh, Prayers and Meditations 314-323.
See for example Tom Kasulis's excellent collection of essays on bodily practices in Asian religions entitled Self as Body in Asian Theory and Practice (Albany: SUNY Press, 1993). The chapter by Frits Staal, "Indian Bodies," (59-102) is particularly useful.
Paul Connerton, How Societies Remember 95.
Ibid., 102. We could also talk about the kind of remembering Connerton describes here as "procedural," that is, as memory of skills and procedures, as opposed to "declarative" (memory of names, dates and other facts). It may be an important corroboration of Connerton that psychologists have found procedural memory more robust than declarative memory in the elderly and in those with amnesia and dementia.
We should note that the remembering that goes on in prayer, and the reflection on that process of remembering that the prayers themselves call for, are constitutive of the prayer experience itself. Bahá'í prayers themselves participate in their interpretation (by interpreting prayer, to give one example, as remembrance) and encourage reflection on prayer as a part of prayer. Using this definition, we might understand this essay and any other reflection on prayer as an act of worship.
Une flamme ardente

Par A. Faizi

Histoire d'Ahmad (à qui Baha'u'llah adressa la fameuse "Tablette d'Ahmad") Il y a deux tablettes qui portent chacune le nom d'Ahmad: l'une est en persan, l'autre en arabe. C'est cette dernière qui est en usage à travers le monde baha'i et c'est de cette dernière aussi que le Bien-aimé Gardien a dit qu'elle était dotée d'un pouvoir spécial.La tablette en persan est longue et a été écrite à l'intention d'Ahmad de Kashan. Haji Mirza Jani qui fut le premier homme à embrasser la foi du Bab à Kashan, chez qui le Bab séjourna quelques jours (l), et qui tomba finalement martyr à Tihràn, avait trois frères. L'un d'eux ne fut jamais disposé à embrasser la foi de son frère, bien que celui-ci se donna beaucoup de peine pour la lui enseigner. Il resta musulman et mourut comme tel. Le second s'appelait Ismai'l et a été surnommé par Baha'u'llah "Dhabih (2) (le Sacrifié), et aussi "Anis" (le Compagnon); le troisième qui alla à Baghdad s'appelait Ahmad. Ce dernier resta avec la Beauté antique et eut l'honneur d'être de ceux qui furent choisis par lui pour l'accompagner dans son exil à Istanbul. Mais malheureusement, les nombreuses épreuves amenèrent cet Ahmad à quitter le droit chemin et à se ranger du côté d'Azal. Il causa alors beaucoup de souffrances à la Beauté bénie, à sa famille et à ses amis. Dans le but de mettre en garde cet homme contre ses mauvaises actions et leurs conséquences néfastes pour la foi naissante, Baha'u'llah lui envoya cette longue tablette en persan qui est pleine d'exhortations, d'éclaircissements sur le pouvoir divin et de conseils quant aux agissements et au comportement d'un vrai chercheur. Ahmad resta négligent, ne fut pas ému et ne changea pas, mais lorsqu'il trouva qu'il ne pouvait plus vivre en Turquie, il retourna en 'Iraq où il retrouva ses anciens compagnons et reprit avec eux sa vie inique. L'une de ses pires habitudes était d'insulter les gens et de les maudire dans un langage des plus vils et des plus acerbes. Dans l'une de ses disputes avec ses amis pervers, il les blessa avec son langage cinglant et ses victimes le tuèrent une nuit, afin de se débarrasser de lui.Des passages de la tablette en persan se trouvent repris dans les "Extraits des Ecrits de Baha'u'llah". (3)* Ahmad commence sa rechercheQuant à l'autre Ahmad en l'honneur de qui la "tablette" bien connue fut révélée, il naquit à Yazd aux environs de 1805 dans une famille noble et riche. Son père et ses oncles étaient des notables de la ville, mais, à l'âge de quatorze ans déjà, Ahmad montrait un grand penchant pour le mysticisme et s'efforçait de trouver de nouveaux sentiers menant à la vérité. A l'âge de quinze ans, il avait déjà commencé ses investigations au cours desquelles il devait apprendre qu'il y avait des saints ou des hommes pieux qui connaissaient des prières spéciales dont la lecture et la répétition un nombre déterminé de fois, et en respectant certains rites, permettaient définitivement au lecteur de contempler la face du Qa'im promis (le Messie). Cela ranima la flamme de ses désirs ardents sans cesse croissants. Il commença à pratiquer une vie d'ascète, faite de longues prières, de jours consécutifs de jeûne et de retraite, vivant à l'écart des gens et du monde. Ses parents et ses proches n'approuvèrent jamais ces pratiques, ils ne lui permirent pas non plus de poursuivre cette retraite qui était contraire à leur façon de vivre et à leurs ambitions. Semblable opposition ne pouvait être tolérée par un homme tel qu'Ahmad qui était de toute son âme attentif dans ses efforts, afin de parvenir au désir de son coeur : la réunion avec son éternel Bien-aimé. Aussi, un matin de bonne heure, il fit un petit bagage de ses habits et de ce qui lui appartenait et sous le prétexte d'aller au bain public, il quitta la maison de son père et commença sa recherche de la manifestation divine.Dans un accoutrement de mendiant, il erra de village en village, menant une conduite irréprochable, et partout où il trouvait un "pir" (chef spirituel), il s'asseyait à ses pieds avec une grande dévotion, dans l'espoir de trouver un chemin vers les mondes mystérieux de la vérité.Il suppliait invariablement ces maîtres de lui donner une prière spéciale dont la lecture le rapprocherait de la cour de son Bien-aimé. Chaque fois que quelqu'un lui suggérait une pratique quelconque, il était tellement ardent dans sa recherche qu'il mettait immédiatement en pratique les instructions reçues avec une sincérité absolue quelqu'ardues et longues que fussent de telles pratiques. Mais tout cela ne servit à rien.Perdant l'espoir et la foi dans de telles recherches, il se mit en route vers l'Inde, pays bien connu pour ses enseignants mystiques et ses ermites aux pouvoirs spéciaux et aux dons spirituels. Il atteignit Bombay et s'y établit, toujours à la recherche de quelqu'un qui lui donnerait un aperçu fugitif de la cour glorieuse du Promis.On lui dit que si quelqu'un faisait des ablutions spécifiques, se vêtait d'habits d'un blanc immaculé, se prosternait et répétait le verset du Qur'an "Il n'y a pas d'autre Dieu que Dieu", douze mille fois, il atteindrait définitivement ses desseins et le désir de son coeur. Ahmad se prosterna pendant des heures pour répéter le verset susmentionné douze mille fois, non pas à une seule reprise, mais de nombreuses fois, et se trouva cependant encore dans l'obscurité.Découragé, il retourna en Perse mais n'alla pas dans sa ville natale de Yazd. Il s'établit dans la ville de Kashan et commença son métier de tailleur dans lequel il excellait. En peu de temps, il devint un homme d'affaires ayant très bien réussi; mais dans le plus profond de son coeur, c'était encore un homme qui cherchait sans relâche.* Un étranger montre la voie"Frappez, et l'on vous ouvrira", "demandez et l'on vous accordera". Aucun vrai chercheur n'est jamais revenu de sa porte de miséricorde insatisfait ou sans réponse.Ce fut ici à Kashan que les rumeurs concernant un homme, qui se proclamait la Qa'im promis, parvinrent à ses oreilles. Persévérant dans ses efforts et sincère dans sa recherche, il s'adressa à beaucoup de personnes dans de nombreuses voies différentes. Nul ne pût lui donner un indice pour le guider.C'est alors qu'un jour un voyageur inconnu arriva dans cette ville et s'établit dans la même auberge où Ahmad avait installé son affaire florissante. Une voix intérieure poussa Ahmad à se rapprocher de cet inconnu. Au cours de leur conversation, il interrogea le voyageur au sujet de la rumeur qui prenait de l'ampleur. "Pourquoi me posez-vous cette question ?" demanda le voyageur. "Je veux savoir si c'est vrai. Si cela est exact, je la suivrais de toute ma force" fut la réplique d'Ahmad.Le voyageur, avec un sourire de triomphe sur son visage, lui dit d'aller dans le Khurasan trouver un certain érudit fameux nommé Mulla Abdu'l Khaliq qui lui dirait toute la vérité.Le lendemain même de ce jour, Ahmad était sur le chemin de la province du Kkurasan. Les boutiquiers voisins furent très surpris lorsqu'ils ne trouvèrent pas Ahmad à son travail comme à l'accoutumée. "Que s'était-il passé entre lui et le voyageur inconnu ?" se demandaient-ils l'un à l'autre, et personne ne connaissait la vraie réponse.Ahmad traversa les déserts et les montagnes à pied, le coeur débordant de joie et d'ardeur. Chaque pas qu 'il faisait le rapprochait du moment où tous ses efforts seraient couronnés du succès tant désiré - sa réunion avec son Bien-aimé, pour la recherche de la présence duquel il n'épargnait aucun effort et ne trouvait aucun sacrifice assez grand.Il atteignit Mashhad, dans le Kburasan, épuisé et si malade qu'il dut s'aliter. Après deux mois de lutte pour surmonter sa faiblesse, il rassembla ses dernières forces et ce qui lui restait de courage et alla directement à la porte de la maison désirée. Voici ses propres mots tels qu'il les a rapportés à ses amis et compagnons de l'époque. "Lorsque j'atteignis la maison, je frappai à la porte et le serviteur de la maison m'ouvrit. Tenant la porte entrouverte, il me demanda : "que voulez-vous ?" "Je dois voir ton maître", répondis-je. L'homme retourna à l'intérieur de la maison et vint ensuite le mulla en personne. Il m'introduisit dans la maison et lorsque nous nous trouvâmes face à face, je lui expliquai tout ce qui m'était arrivé. Lorsque j'eus fini, il me saisit brusquement par le bras et me dit : "Ne dites pas de pareilles choses ici" et il me poussa hors de la maison. Mon chagrin n'avait pas de limite. Le coeur brisé et ébahi, je me demandai si tous mes efforts avaient été vains. "A qui dois-je m'adresser ? Vers qui dois-je aller ?... Mais je ne lâcherai jamais cet homme. Je persisterai jusqu'à ce qu'il m'ouvre son coeur et me guide vers le droit chemin de Dieu. Il faut que celui qui cherche boive jusqu'à la lie la coupe amère de la souffrance." Le matin suivant, j'étais de nouveau à la porte de la même maison. Je frappai plus fort que le jour précédent. Cette fois, le mulla lui-même vint m'ouvrir la porte et lorsque celle-ci fut ouverte, je dis : "Je ne m'en irai pas, je ne vous laisserai pas avant que vous ne me disiez toute la vérité". Cette fois-ci, le mulla trouva que j'étais sérieux et honnête. Il était désormais sûr que je n'étais pas venu à sa porte pour l'espionner ou être la cause de difficultés pour lui et ses amis."Ahmad reçut alors comme instruction d'assister aux prières du soir à une certaine mosquée où le même mulla menait les prières en commun qu'il faisait suivre d'un long sermon. On lui dit aussi de suivre le mulla à la fin de son sermon. La nuit suivante, Ahmad fit son possible pour trouver le mulla après la prière mais une foule de gens entourait celui-ci et Ahmad n'eut même pas la moindre chance de l'approcher. Le jour suivant, lorsqu'ils se rencontrèrent de nouveau, Ahmad reçut comme instruction de se rendre à une autre mosquée à la nuit tombante et là une troisième personne l'attendrait pour lui montrer le chemin. En conséquence, Ahmad se rendit à la mosquée au coucher du soleil et comme promis, après les prières du soir, une certaine personne vint à lui et lui fit signe de le suivre. Sans hésitation ni peur, Ahmad la suivit. Maintenant, les trois hommes commencent à marcher comme des ombres dans les ténèbres de la nuit, à travers des rues étroites et obscures. Ahmad, totalement étranger, n'hésita jamais, ne chancela pas, ne s'enfuit pas non plus. Il faisait chaque pas avec grande détermination et était prêt à n'importe quel dénouement.Finalement, ils atteignirent une certaine maison. Ils frappèrent très doucement à la porte et on leur ouvrit aussitôt. Les nouveaux venus entrèrent très rapidement ; par des passages couverts, ils atteignirent une petite cour, montèrent quelques marches et se trouvèrent à l'étage à la porte d'une chambre où un personnage très digne se trouvait assis. Le mulla s'approcha de cette personne révérée, avec beaucoup d'humilité et de respect et chuchota courtoisement : "C'est l'homme dont je vous ai parlé" et montra du doigt Ahmad qui se tenait au seuil de la porte avec énormément de respect et d'impatience. "Bienvenue, veuillez entrer et vous asseoir" dit l'homme. Ahmad entra alors dans la chambre et s'assit sur le plancher.L'hôte n'était autre que le grand Mulla Sadiq (le Véridique), l'un des premiers croyants durant le ministère du Bab et homme très distingué par son érudition, son audace et sa fermeté. Pendant le ministère de Baha'u'llah, le même Mulla Sadiq (le Véridique) fit preuve d'une ardeur telle et d'un zèle si grand, qu'il reçut de Baha'u'llah le titre d'Asdaq (le plus véridique).* Un trésor est trouvéAhmad qui, pendant vingt-cinq ans, avait erré dans les vallées de la recherche et n'avait trouvé, nulle part, même pas une goutte pour étancher sa soif, trouve à présent un sentier qui le mène à la source principale. Avec des lèvres desséchées et une aspiration inassouvie, il boit aux flots parfumés et doux des versets de Dieu qui découlent de sa nouvelle manifestation. Trois séances suffisent pour qu'il embrasse la foi de tout son coeur et de toute son âme. Il est si enivré, si exalté et si enthousiaste qu'Asdaq l'exhorte à retourner dans sa famille à Kashan et insiste sur le fait qu'il ne doit mentionner la foi à personne, même pas à sa propre femme.En ces jours, la cause naissante de Dieu était confrontée à de grands dangers. Le peu de croyants recrutés parmi les gens pauvres du monde étaient tout le temps l'objet de nombreuses atrocités. Même l'air était imprégné de suspicion, d'espionnage et de calomnies. Dès lors les amis devaient être très attentifs de peur que le moindre acte imprudent ou même une parole dépourvue de sens n'allumât une conflagration sans fin qui eût pu consumer les croyants dans sa flamme.Asdaq, sachant combien Ahmad avait souffert, devina qu'il n'avait pas d'argent pour retourner chez lui; il lui donna un petit cadeau pour sa famille et la somme de trois tumans (un dollar) et lui conseilla d'agir avec beaucoup de sagesse. Commentant son retour à Kashan, Ahmad raconte ; "Lorsque j'atteignis Kashan, tout le monde me demanda ce qui m'était arrivé pour avoir tout abandonné si brusquement. Je leur dis : "J'aspirais tellement à faire un pèlerinage que je n'ai pu y résister et j'ai eu bien raison. Quoi d'autre pouvait m'arracher à mon travail, à ma maison et à ma famille sinon cette aspiration qui vient du plus profond de soi-même ? Dès l'instant où j'entendis ces paroles de la bouche du voyageur, il n'y eut plus de répit pour moi."A Kashan, il reprit son travail mais n'aspirait qu'à enseigner la foi. Il apprit par une certaine rumeur qu'un nommé Haji Mirza Jani avait changé de foi et était devenu le disciple d'une nouvelle religion obscure. Il alla trouver ce dernier et lorsque les deux hommes furent face à face, il n'y eut plus de fin à leur joie et à leur émotion. Ils devinrent bien vite amis et compagnons constants et les premiers et seuls Babis de cette ville.Un jour, Haji Mirza Jani vint chez Ahmad pour lui demander avec un grand enthousiasme et une émotion incontrôlée : "Voudrais-tu voir le visage de ton Seigneur ?" Le coeur d'Ahmad bondit de joie. Plein d'allégresse et d'extase, il se leva aussitôt de son siège et demanda : "Comment et quand ?" Haji lui expliqua quels arrangements il avait pris avec les gardes pour avoir le Bab comme hôte pendant deux ou trois nuits. Ahmad se rendit, dès lors, à l'heure indiquée, à la maison de Haji. Quand il entra, ses yeux tombèrent sur un visage dont la beauté dépassait celle du ciel et de la terre. Un jeune siyyid était assis et exprimait tant de douceur, de grandeur et de majesté que personne ne pouvait s'empêcher de voir dans ses traits la lumière de Dieu. Quelques membres du clergé et des dignitaires de la ville étaient assis par terre en cercle, et les serviteurs se tenaient debout à la porte.L'un des mullas fixa le Bab et lui dit : "On nous a dit qu'un jeune homme à Shiraz s'est proclamé le Bab, est-ce vrai ?" "Oui", répondit le Bab. "Est-ce qu'il révèle aussi des versets ?" demanda le même homme. Le Bab répondit : "Et nous révélons aussi des versets."Ahmed raconte plus loin : "Cette réponse claire et courageuse était suffisante pour quiconque avait des oreilles pour entendre et des yeux pour voir afin de trouver immédiatement toute la vérité. Son beau visage et la puissance de ses paroles ainsi que sa présence suffisaient a tout. Mais lorsqu'on servit le thé et qu'on offrit une tasse au Bab, il la prit aussitôt, appela le domestique du même mulla et la lui donna avec beaucoup de bonté. Le jour suivant, ce même serviteur humble vint à moi et avec énormément de regret déplora la stupidité de son maître. Une petite explication concernant le rang du Bab l'amena à se rallier à nous et notre nombre s'éleva à trois."Ce petit noyau commença à croître et le nombre des adhérents devint de plus en plus grand. Cela mit en courroux le clergé qui faisait l'impossible pour arrêter le flot de ce courant de vie déjà puissant. Il poussa la foule ignorante et cruelle à piller, confisquer et tuer tous ceux qui portaient le nom du Bab. Chaque jour elle allait à la maison de l'un d'entre eux et sa haine était si grande qu'elle en cassait les portes et les fenêtres, détruisant et pillant l'immeuble, et emportant le contenu comme butin. Le soir on trouvait les corps des personnes tuées dans les rues et les ruelles et même disséminées dans les montagnes et les plaines avoisinantes. Cela dura longtemps et la maison d'Ahmad ne fut pas épargnée. Il dut alors se cacher dans une tour pendant quarante jours, tour où les amis lui apportaient de la nourriture et dos provisions.* Voyage à la demeure de la paixTrouvant que la vie devenait insupportable à Kashan et ayant appris que Baghdad était devenu le point d'attraction, Ahmad décida d'y aller. "Et Dieu appela à la demeure de la paix (Baghdad) et II guida celui qu'Il voulut dans le droit chemin."(4) Dans l'obscurité de la nuit, Ahmad sortit de sa cachette, escalada le mur de la ville et se mit en route pour Baghdad. Il voyagea à pied, plein d'amour, d'enthousiasme et d'ardeur pour contempler la face de celui que Dieu manifesterait. Chemin faisant, il rencontra un autre homme qui voyageait dans la même direction que lui. De crainte d'être molesté plus loin, Ahmad essaya d'ignorer l'étranger ne soufflant même pas un mot ; mais l'homme continua à marcher à ses côtés. Prenant grand soin de ne jamais faire allusion à la foi ou au but de son voyage, Ahmad atteignit sa destination en même temps que son compagnon de voyage. A leur arrivée à Baghdad, ils se séparèrent et Ahmad se mit immédiatement à la recherche de la maison de Baha'u'llah. Lorsqu'il trouva la maison et y entra, il découvrit à son grand étonnement que son compagnon de route s'y trouvait également. Il comprit alors que son ami était aussi Babi et qu'il s'était mis en route pour atteindre la présence de la Beauté bénie.* Ahmad en présence de Baha'u'llahC'était un nouveau souffle que prenait cette expérience pour un homme comme Ahmad qui, tout au long de sa vie, avait cherché cette immense source spirituelle. Quand pour la première fois, il découvrit l'expression juvénile de Baha'u'llah, son visage aux fraîches couleurs et son pouvoir pénétrant, il en fut ébahi. Il ne reprit ses sens que lorsque la Beauté ancienne lui fit gaiement la remarque suivante : "II devient Babi pour sa cacher finalement dans une tour!"Baha'u'llah lui permit de rester à Baghdad et de s'établir tout près de lui. Ahmad installa aussitôt sa petite machine à coudre et devint l'homme le plus heureux du monde. Que peut-on attendre d'autre ? Vivre à l'époque de la manifestation suprême de Dieu, l'adorer, être aimé de cette manifestation et être si près d'elle par le coeur et par l'âme même pour la résidence.Lorsqu'on lui demanda une fois ce qui s'était passé pendant les années écoulées si près de Baha'u'llah, il dit avec des larmes dans les yeux "que les événements de ces années-là étaient innombrables, grands et dotés d'une puissance extrême. Nos nuits étaient remplies d'épisodes inoubliables. Ce que nous vivions était gai et parfois triste ; c'était cependant au-delà du pouvoir de description de quiconque. Par exemple (5) un jour, lorsque la Beauté bénie se promenait, un officier du gouvernement s'approcha de lui et lui dit qu'un de ses disciples avait été tué et que son corps avait été jeté sur le bord du fleuve. La Langue du pouvoir et de la puissance répondit : "Personne ne l'a tué. A travers soixante-dix mille voiles de lumière, Nous lui avons montré la gloire de Dieu, et ce dans une mesure plus petite que le chas d'une aiguille; il lui a été impossible de supporter le fardeau de sa vie et il s'est offert en sacrifice."Lorsqu'on transmit à Baha'u'llah le décret du calife et qu'il dut quitter Bagdad pour Istanbul, il abandonna la ville le trente-deuxième jour après Naw-Ruz pour aller au jardin du Ridvan. Ce même jour, le fleuve déborda et ce n'est qu'au neuvième jour qu'il fut possible aux membres de sa famille de le rejoindre dans ce jardin. Le fleuve déborda alors une deuxième fois et ne se retira que le douzième jour. C'est alors que tous le rejoignirent.Ahmad supplia Baha'u'llah de l'inclure parmi ses compagnons d'exil, mais Baha'u'llah n'accéda pas à sa demande et se choisit un petit nombre de personnes et dit aux autres de rester pour enseigner et protéger la couse, soulignant le fait que cela serait meilleur pour l'intérêt de la foi de Dieu. Lors de son départ, tous ceux qui allaient rester en arrière se tinrent debout, en rang, et tous étaient si débordés de chagrin qu'ils éclatèrent en sanglots. Baha'u'llah s'approcha à nouveau d'eux et les consola en disant : "Cela est meilleur pour la cause. Quelques-uns de ceux qui m'accompagnent sont susceptibles de faire du tort ; c'est pour cela que je les prends avec moi." L'un des amis pouvait à peine contrôler son extrême souffrance et son chagrin. Il s'adressa a la foule en récitant le poème de Sa'di : "Levons-nous pour pleurer, comme des nuages de printemps, le jour où les amants sont séparés de leur Bien-aimé, on peut même entendre se lamenter les pierres."Baha'u'llah dit alors : "Cela a été dit pour ce jour". Il monta alors sur son cheval et l'un des amis plaça un sac de pièces de monnaie devant la selle. Baha'u'llah commença à les distribuer aux pauvres qui se trouvaient là et qui se lamentaient. Lorsqu'ils coururent vers lui et se poussèrent l'un l'autre, il plongea sa main dans le sac et jeta toutes les pièces par terre en disant : "Prenez-les vous-mêmes."Ahmad vit son Bien-aimé disparaître de la vue vers une destination inconnue. Il ne pouvait pas imaginer qu'il était comme le soleil allant vers le zénith de son pouvoir et de sa puissance. Le coeur triste et l'âme dans une détresse totale, il retourna à Baghdad qui lui semblait désormais dépourvue de toute attraction. Il essaya de se rendre heureux en réunissant, les amis et en les encourageant à se disperser pour enseigner la foi qui venait d'être proclamée. Bien que servant activement la cause, il n'était cependant pas heureux. La seule chose qui pouvait le rendre heureux était la proximité de son Bien-aimé.* La tablette est révéléeAprès quelques années, il quitta à nouveau sa maison et son travail et se mit en route à pied vers Andrinople, la ville de son amour et de non désir. A son arrivée à Istanbul, il reçut une tablette de Baha'u'llah qui est bien connue à présent sous le nom de "Tablette d'Ahmad". C'est ainsi qu'il décrit comment il la reçut ; "Je reçus la tablette du "Rossignol du paradis", la lus et la relus et je finis par découvrir que mon Bien-aimé voulait que je parte enseigner la cause. Dès lors je préférai lui obéir plutôt que d'aller le visiter."Ahmad était spécialement chargé de voyager à travers la Perse, de retrouver les vieilles familles babies pour leur transmettre le nouveau message du Seigneur. C'est de là d'ailleurs que vient la glorieuse référence faite au Bab dans cette tablette. La tâche était ardue, au-delà de toute description, d'où les exhortations telles que : "Sois une flamme ardente pour mes ennemis et un fleuve de vie éternelle pour mes bien-aimés, et ne sois pas de ceux qui doutent." Le chemin qu'il devait parcourir devait être plein de sang, d'épines et de souffrances de tous genres mais suivi de promesses de victoires si enthousiasmantes telles que : "Si tu es atteint par l'affliction dans mon sentier ou couvert d'opprobre par amour pour moi, n'en sois pas troublé."Avec cette amulette divine en sa possession, un petit morceau de papier qui avait été doté par Baha'u'llah "d'une puissance et d'une signification spéciales", et vêtu de simples habits de mendiant, Ahmad retourna en Perse. Il entra dans le pays par la région où le Bab avait été emprisonné et martyrisé et traversa cette région comme une brise vivifiante. Beaucoup de Babis purent ainsi voir le soleil qui brillait d'Andrinople et même beaucoup de musulmans embrassèrent de tout leur coeur la foi.* La bonne nouvelle de la proximité de DieuAhmad devint l'incarnation de sa propre tablette. Une persévérance, un esprit indompté, une ténacité, une fermeté comme les siennes, cela se trouvait rarement dans les annales de la cause. Lorsqu'il rencontrait un sympathisant, même si cela lui eût apporté des afflictions et des avilissements, il retournait autant de fois qu'il fallait pour épuiser la question qu'il avait laissée à moitié débattue. Par exemple, lorsqu'il voyageait à travers la province du Khurasan, il alla chez une famille Babie bien connue à la tête de laquelle se trouvait un personnage aussi important que Furughi (6), l'un des survivants du soulèvement de Tabarsi. Ahmad entra chez eux, petit à petit ouvrit le sujet et dans des termes très francs, vigoureux et emphatiques il expliqua que celui que Dieu devait manifester n'était autre que Baha'u'llah dont la lumière était alors en train de briller de l'horizon de la "lointaine prison" - Andrinople.Furughi qui avait si audacieusement combattu à "Tabarsi, commença ici aussi une bataille. Au fil des heures, la discussion devint de plus en plus intense. Furughi se fâcha très fort, attaqua Ahmad, lui cassa une dent et le jeta hors de la maison. Ahmad quitta la maison le coeur brisé; mais intrépide, il y retourna plus tard, frappa à la porte et dit qu'il ne partirait pas avant d'avoir épuisé le sujet et d'être arrivé à quelque conclusion définitive.Nous ne devons pas oublier que les babis étaient dans un péril si grand que même un morceau de papier portant les versets du Bab trouvé dans une maison, suffisait pour que la maison soit détruite et que ses habitants soient envoyés en prison ou même que leurs noms allongent la liste des martyrs. Dès lors, tous les amis cachaient leurs livres et leurs écrits dans les murs de leur maison. Lorsque Ahmad alla chez les Furaghi pour la deuxième fois afin de reprendre la discussion, il dit avec emphase que le plus grand nom BAHA avait été souvent mentionné par le Bab dans tous ses écrits. Furughi contesta la vérité de cette déclaration. Pour prouver à Ahmad que c'était faux, il brisa une partie du mur et sortit une liasse de papier contenant les écrits du Bab et promit de ne pas contredire les textes explicites. Ahmad raconte : "Le tout premier écrit que nous ouvrîmes faisait référence au nom de BAHA. "Comme promis, Furughi et tous les membres de sa famille acceptèrent la foi de Baha'u'llah, en devinrent des défenseurs zélés et se distinguèrent dans sa propagation et sa protection.* Une flamme ardenteAprès avoir traversé toutes les régions de la province de Khurasan, Ahmad décida d'aller une nouvelle fois à Baghdad pour transmettre le message d'amour et les voeux de Baha'u'llah à tous les amis de cette ville très importante. Malheureusement, chemin faisant, il tomba malade une nouvelle fois et ne put atteindre Baghdad. De plus, à Tihran, quelques-uns des membres du clergé de Kashan le reconnurent et portèrent plainte contre lui à la cour du roi, roi qui était toujours prêt à infliger des peines aux adhérents de la nouvelle foi. Il fut par conséquent arrêté et remis aux mains d'un certain officier qui reçut pour ordre de faire des investigations sur son cas et de le mettre immédiatement à mort dans l'éventualité où il aurait eu la certitude que sa victime s'était écartée du droit chemin.Le jeune officier ne désirant pas molester Ahmad, il insista alors pour que celui-ci rejette sa foi. Ahmad raconte : "A ce moment-là, j'étais à l'apogée de ma foi et de mon enthousiasme et jamais, même pour un seul instant, je ne pouvais imaginer de rejeter ma foi." Toujours prêt à offrir sa vie dans le sentier de la cause, il servait avec un tel esprit de sacrifice qu'il insistait sur le fait qu'il n'était pas babi mais bien baha'i, c'est-à-dire un disciple de la manifestation suprême. Il fut arrêté et alors qu'il était en prison il apprit que la femme de l'officier était tombée soudain gravement malade. Pris de panique et dans une détresse extrême, l'officier vint à Ahmad et lui dit ; "Si ma femme recouvre la santé, je te relâche." Trois jours après, le jeune homme peu soucieux des conséquences terribles que cela pouvait entraîner pour lui, amenait Ahmad à la porte de Tihran et le relâchait.* Une rivière de vie éternelleComme un oiseau qu'on vient de libérer, il alla d'abord aux villages où il y avait quelques tamiseurs de blé qui étaient Babis. Ceux-ci le reçurent avec énormément de courtoisie et d'amour. Ils lui offrirent l'hospitalité et lui les guida dans le droit chemin de Dieu. Débordant de joie, Ahmad les quitta et se mit en route pour la province de Fars dont la capitale était Shiraz. Il vécut dans cette province près d'un quart de siècle et devint le compagnon constant des affligés et de ceux qui avaient eu à souffrir d'injustice. Il les consola durant les périodes de persécution et leur apporta de l'espoir et une vision des horizons sans cesse plus larges de victoires et de triomphes.Ce fut par le truchement des vieillards de cette région de la Perse que cet humble serviteur, l'auteur, apprit les échos lointains relatifs à un derviche glorieux vivant parmi les villageois et leur servant d'ange protecteur, de guide et de source de miséricorde. Ce sont ces rumeurs qui m'incitèrent à faire des recherches à son sujet et c'est alors que je trouvai que cet adorable individu n'était autre que notre précieux Ahmad - un nom qui est mentionné à présent à travers le monde entier avec tant d'amour et de dévotion.Ahmad reçut nombre des enseignants itinérants qui passaient à travers cette région de la Perse et les fêta dans son humble demeure mentionnant Dieu et sa foi et racontant tout ce qu'avaient vécu les nombreux enseignants qui s'étaient consacrés en ce jour à apaiser de nombreuses âmes.L'un des événements les plus touchants qu'il a relaté lui-même est le suivant : "Un jour, un homme à peine habillé et quasiment pieds nus, vint frapper à la porte de ma maison. Il était complètement épuisé et à bout de ressources. Un mélange de poussière et de transpiration avait rendu ses vêtements raides et brunâtres. Il s'avéra que c'était Haji Mirza Haydar- Ali (7). Je l'aidai immédiatement à se débarrasser de ses vêtements. Je les lavai et les étendis à sécher au soleil pendant qu'il se reposait en attendant la venue des amis à une réunion."* Ferme dans mon amourDes années pleines de jours riches en événements s'écoulèrent, mais lorsque les vagues de persécution s'étendirent à toute la Perse, les amis, pleins d'amour et d'admiration pour Ahmad, s'efforcèrent de le protéger contre les attaques fatales et après de longues consultations lui suggérèrent de quitter aussitôt ce coin délaissé et abandonné du pays au profit d'un centre plus peuplé. Partout où Ahmad allait, les amis lui conseillaient la même chose. Il était si bien connu à travers toute la région que sa seule présence causait de l'agitation parmi les musulmans bigots dont les premières flèches visaient toujours Ahmad en personne. Après avoir changé plusieurs fois de résidence, il s'établit à Tihran. Il ne vacilla jamais dans sa foi et ne fut jamais autre chose que "cette flamme ardente et cette rivière de vie éternelle".Ayant vécu un siècle, jouissant toujours d'une bonne santé, il quitta ce monde en 1905 à Tihran pour aller rejoindre la présence de son Bien-aimé.Sur le plan familial, Ahmad eut deux enfants, un fils nommé Mirza Muhammad et une fille Guhar Khanum. Lorsque la maison d'Ahmad fut confisquée, Mirza Muhammad, sa femme et ses enfants quittèrent la ville de Kashan pour aller à Tihran. Lui, sa femme et sa petite-fille moururent sur le chemin de Tihran. Les restes de leur tombe s'il y en eut, sont perdus à jamais.Il resta seulement leur fils, Jamal, âgé de cinq ans. Les muletiers qui transportaient de la nourriture entre les provinces et Tihran, ne sachant pas que Jamal était un fils de babi, eurent pitié de cet enfant abandonné et sans foyer et le mirent sur l'un de leurs chargements pour l'amener à Tihran. Dans cette grande capitale, le pauvre enfant fut complètement abandonné à lui-même et personne ne lui parla de ses glorieux ancêtres ou de la foi dans le sentier de laquelle la famille avait supporté tant d'afflictions et de souffrances indescriptibles. Il resta dans cet état jusqu'à ce que sa tante, Guhar Khanum (8) vint Aussi à Tihran. Lorsque Ahmad arriva à la capitale, il connut son petit-fils qu'il aimait beaucoup. Il le prit sous l'aile de son propre amour et de sa protection et Jamal finit par être un excellent baha'i. Son trait le plus caractéristique était sa détermination de fer et son infatigable énergie. Rien ne put jamais écarter cet homme du sentier de Dieu bien que ce sentier fut toujours pour lui très étroit et parsemé d'épines, de sang, de malheurs et de calamités de toutes sortes. Vers la fin de sa vie, Ahmad confia la tablette originale à Jamal. Celui-ci, à son tour, pur de coeur comme il était et dévoué A la foi de Dieu, l'offrit comme cadeau à la Main de la cause, dépositaire du Huquq, fils et frère de deux illustres martyrs, Jinab-i-Valiyu'llah Varqa.
Lorsque .Jinab-i-Varqa, conformément aux instructions du Bien-aimé Gardien, vint assister à la cérémonie inaugurale du temple de Wilmette, durant la conférence intercontinentale de l'an neuf (1933), il apporta cette très précieuse tablette comme son propre don aux archives des baha'ies des Etats-Unis.
A présent, les amis bien-aimes de ce pays sont les dépositaires de ce grand cadeau de Dieu à l'humanité.
{Baha'i News, n° 432/433, mars et avril 1967}
Sources de références personnelles :- Une lettre écrite sur le même sujet par Jinab Eshrag Khawari à la demande de Mme Amélia Collins en 1958 ;- Manuscrit envoyé à l'auteur par Mirza Fazl-ulldh Shahidi de Khurasan;- Investigations personnelles des Djamalis, descendants de l'Ahmad immortel en Iran.
Notes1. Dawn-Breakers, pp. 217-222 (éd. Anglaise)2. Extraits des Ecrits de Baha'u'llah - CXV, pp 157-162 (éd.l979 MEB Bruxelles3. Ibid., CLIII, pp 212-219 (éd.1979 M.É.B. Bruxelles)4. Qur'an 10, 255. Dieu passe près de nous, p. 130. - M.E.B. Bruxelles, 19766. L'un des membres de cette famille fut désigné, ainsi que dix-huit autres, comme "Apôtres de Baha'u'llah", par le Bien-aimé Gardien. La liste de ceux-ci figure dans "Thé Baha'i World", Vol. III, p.80 où le Gardien dit : "Mirza Mahmud était un esprit indomptable et un défenseur zélé de la foi."7. L'homme qui reçut du Bien-aimé Maître, le titre de "L'Ange de Mont Carmel.8. Quant à Guhar Khanum, la merveilleuse fille de Ahmad, elle fut une baha'ie très active. Le récit de l'histoire de cette femme téméraire n'a été relaté que très brièvement. On rencontre rarement un coeur aussi ouvert. Donnons-en un exemple :Du temps de Baha'u'llah, quelques éminents professeurs étaient véritablement vénérés par les amis. L'un d'eux, qui était en possession de nombreuses lettres exaltées de la Perfection bénie, se rendait souvent chez Guhar Khanum et celle-ci éprouvait pour lui un immense respect, allant jusqu'à lui cirer les chaussures. Il semble que de tels titres et un respect aussi profond avaient tourné la tête de certains d'entre eux. Ils pensaient assumer un rang privilégié dans la foi de Dieu. Une personne semblable vint un jour chez Guhar Khanum, après l'ascension de Baha'u'llah.
Quand l'hôtesse eut offert du thé et des gâteaux et se tint près de la porte, les mains croisées, en signe de respect absolu et d'hommage, elle s'aperçut que l'homme n'avait pris aucun rafraîchissement. Il paraissait sombre et pensif. Guhar Khanum lui en demanda la raison. "Je dois me rendre en Terre sainte, dit-il, "et m'occuper des affaires de la cause moi-même.
La foi a été laissée entre les mains d'un jeune homme. "En entendant ces mots, Guhar Khanum haussa la voix en disant : "Croyez-vous que Baha'u'llah ne savait pas qui désigner pour lui succéder" Elle entra alors dans la pièce, prit le plateau avec le thé et les gâteaux et sur un ton très énergique pria le hautain et arrogant personnage de quitter immédiatement la maison. Elle se rendit ensuite dans les familles baha'ies de son entourage et leur conseilla d'être particulièrement prudentes avec lui jusqu'à ce qu'elles aient reçu des instructions définitives de la plus grande Branche.
L'exemple suivant illustre bien la pureté de son coeur. Elle entendit, un jour, qu'une très jeune fille appartenant à une famille baha'ie, était au lit, atteinte d'une maladie grave. Elle se rendit à son chevet et pria Dieu en disant: "Oh mon Seigneur. J'ai déjà eu ma part de vie. S'il vous plaît, prenez-moi et laissez cet enfant à ses parents." La même nuit, elle décédait et la jeune malade recouvrait la santé.

Tablette d'Ahmad
Baha'u'llah

Il est le Roi, l'Omniscient, le Sage! Voici que le Rossignol du paradis chante, sur les branches de l'Arbre d'éternité, de saintes et douces mélodies annonçant aux âmes sincères les joyeuses nouvelles de la proximité de Dieu, invitant ceux qui croient en l'unité divine, à se rendre aux parvis du Très-Généreux, informant "les peuples du détachement" du message révélé par Dieu le Roi, le Glorieux, l'Incomparable, guidant les adorateurs vers le siège de sainteté et vers cette resplendissante Beauté.En vérité, voici la Beauté sublime, annoncée dans les Livres des Messagers, par qui la vérité pourra se distinguer de l'erreur, par qui sera éprouvée la sagesse de tout commandement. Il est, en vérité, l'Arbre de vie qui porte les fruits de Dieu, l'Exalté, le Puissant, le Grand !O Ahmad! Sois témoin qu'en vérité, Il est Dieu et qu'il n'y a pas d'autre Dieu que Lui, le Roi, le Protecteur, l'Incomparable, l'Omnipotent. Et que Celui qu'Il a envoyé sous le nom d'Ali, c'est-à-dire Sa Sainteté le Bab, fut le véritable envoyé de Dieu, au commandement de qui nous nous conformons tous.Dis : ô peuple, obéissez aux ordonnances de Dieu qui vous ont été prescrites dans le Bayan par le Glorieux, le Sage.En vérité, Il est le Roi des Messagers et son Livre est le Livre-Mère, si seulement vous pouviez le savoir.Ainsi, de cette prison, le Rossignol lance vers vous son appel. Il lui appartient seulement de vous remettre ce clair message.Que celui qui le désire refuse ce conseil, et que celui qui le désire choisisse le chemin de son Seigneur.O peuple, si vous rejetez ces versets, sur quelle preuve fondez-vous votre foi en Dieu? Produisez-la donc, ô assemblée de fourbes! Par Celui qui tient mon âme dans sa Main, ils ne le peuvent et ne le pourront jamais, dussent-ils s'allier tous pour le faire.O Ahmad ! N'oublie pas mes faveurs durant mon absence. Souviens-toi de mes jours pendant tes jours de ma détresse et de mon bannissement en cette prison lointaine.Et demeure si ferme dans mon amour que ton coeur ne vacille pas, dussent les épées de tes ennemis faire pleuvoir leurs coups sur toi, et les cieux et la terre se soulever contre toi.Sois pour mes ennemis comme la flamme du brasier et pour mes bien-aimés comme un fleuve de vie éternelle, et ne sois pas de ceux qui doutent.Et si, en mon sentier, tu es surpris par l'affliction, ou si, à cause de Moi, tu es dépouillé de ton honneur, que ton âme n'en soit pas troublée.Sois confiant en Dieu, ton Seigneur et le Seigneur de tes pères. Car les hommes s'égarent dans les sentiers de l'illusion, privés de discernement et incapables de voir Dieu de leurs propres yeux ou d'entendre sa mélodie de leurs propres oreilles. C'est ainsi que nous les avons trouvés comme tu peux également le constater.Ainsi, leurs superstitions sont devenues des voiles entre eux et leur propre coeur, et elles les ont tenus à l'écart du chemin de Dieu, le Glorifié, le Grand.Sois bien certain qu'en vérité celui qui se détourne de cette Beauté s'est aussi détourné des Messagers du passé et a fait preuve d'orgueil envers Dieu, de toute éternité en toute éternité.Grave en ton coeur cette Tablette, ô Ahmad! Chante-la jusqu'à la fin de tes jours et ne t'en écarte pas. Car, en vérité, Dieu a réservé à celui qui la chante, la récompense de cent martyrs et un service dans les deux mondes.Ces faveurs, Nous te les avons accordées, en gage de notre miséricorde, pour que tu sois du nombre de ceux qui sont reconnaissants.Par Dieu ! Si cette Tablette est lue avec une absolue sincérité par celui qui est plongé dans l'affliction ou le chagrin, Dieu dissipera sa tristesse, résoudra ses difficultés et le délivrera de ses épreuves.En vérité, Il est le Miséricordieux, le Compatissant, Loué soit Dieu, le Seigneur de tous les mondes.