BAHA'I INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ISSUES STATEMENT ON POVERTY ERADICATION
NEW YORK, 15 February 2008 (BWNS)
-- A new statement from the Baha'i International Community calls for a coherent, principle-based approach to the eradication of global poverty.BIC representatives introduced the statement, "Eradicating Poverty: Moving Forward as One," yesterday at a luncheon held at their offices across from the United Nations. About 40 representatives from various non-governmental organizations and UN agencies gathered for the presentation.Tahirih Naylor, a representative of the BIC to the United Nations, said the statement was released to coincide with the 46th Commission for Social Development at the United Nations, which runs 6-15 February 2008."This year, the Commission is focusing on the themes of promoting full employment and decent work for all," said Ms. Naylor. "These are important aspects of poverty eradication, but we wanted to advocate a more coherent approach, one that looks at the wide range of issues that must be addressed in an integrated way if global poverty is to be eliminated."The statement calls on both institutions and individuals internationally to put essential moral principles, such as unity and justice, first. It recasts the underlying nature of poverty, saying it "can be described as the absence of those ethical, social and material resources needed to develop the moral, intellectual and social capacities of individuals, communities and institutions."The statement also examines a number of specific topical areas where poverty alleviation efforts can be most effectively focused. These include leadership and governance, human rights, gender, sustainable development, agriculture, employment, individual responsibility, education, and religion.Those gathered for the presentation were addressed by Nikhil Seth, from the UN's Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA), and Julia Berger, senior researcher and writer for the Baha'i International Community.
Mr. Seth said the statement's "key message is that solidarity of action is what we need. If we can galvanize that spirit, we'll have won the battle."Mr. Seth, who is director of the Office for ECOSOC Support and Coordination at DESA, shared his experience in developing nations, including his native India, and recommended an additional focus on country-specific solutions. "Generic solutions are not sufficient," he said, noting that land issues and culture play strong roles. "A community-specific analysis is needed to tackle poverty."Mr. Seth also stressed the related problem of hunger. "The problem of malnourishment requires a whole different set of interventions," he said, saying that in his country more than 40 percent of children under 5 are malnourished.Mr. Seth also noted that international agencies sometimes place too much emphasis on measuring poverty rather than doing something about it."Macroeconomic aggregates do not really capture the indignities of poverty the way your statement has done so beautifully," he said.Ms. Berger said that the issue of poverty is inextricably linked to other complex factors such as human rights, development, and environmental circumstances. It is a positive indication, she said, that the UN community is beginning to realize the interconnectedness of all these factors and focusing on ways to formulated an integrated approach."Not to overstate the case, but the change in thought required to get to this point is like the Copernican revolution of recognizing that the earth revolves around the sun, and not the other way around," Ms. Berger said.Ms. Naylor said the statement was initially drafted in response to a call from the UN Human Rights Council for a consultation on "draft guiding principles" to help focus the discussion on the link between human rights and extreme poverty.As part of that process, the BIC contacted selected members of the Baha'i community around the world and asked them to organize discussions on poverty and human rights involving individuals from the local level.
"These discussions took place in six countries -- Brazil, Guyana, Haiti, India, Namibia and Turkey -- and the consultations there provided first-hand experiences and impressions from individuals who are most affected by poverty."To read "Eradicating Poverty: Moving Forward as One," follow this link: http://bic.org/statements-and-reports/bic-statements/08-0214.htmTo view the photos and additional features click here:http://news.bahai.org--17-bp-080215-1-POVERTYERADICATION-604-S------------------------------------------------------------------------------Advance release: Please check our website for the final version of thisarticle.------------------------------------------------------------------------------Copyright 2008 by the Baha'i World News Service. All stories andphotographs produced by the Baha'i World News Service may be freelyreprinted, re-emailed, re-posted to the World Wide Web and otherwisereproduced by any individual or organization as long as they areattributed to the Baha'i World News Service. For more information, visithttp://news.bahai.org.------------------------------------------------------------------------------If you have questions about this list or wish to unsubscribe, contactsubscribe@bahai.org------------------------------------------------------------------------------

THE CRITERIONS OF TRUTH by Abdul-Bahá

Foundations of World Unity
http://bahai-library.com/file.php5?file=abdulbaha_foundations_world_unity&language=All

THE CRITERIONS OF TRUTH
http://www.bahai-library.com/writings/abdulbaha/fwu/sec-11.html

During my visit to London and Paris last year[1911.] I had many talks
with the materialistic philosophers of Europe. The basis of all their
conclusions is that the acquisition of knowledge of phenomena is
according to a fixed, invariable law,--a law mathematically exact in
its operation through the senses. For instance, the eye sees a chair;
therefore there is no doubt of the chair's existence. The eye looks up
into the heavens and beholds the sun; I see flowers upon this table; I
smell their fragrance; I hear sounds outside, etc., etc. This, they
say, is a fixed mathematical law of perception and deduction, the
operation of which admits of no doubt whatever; for inasmuch as the
universe is subject to our sensing, the proof is self-evident that our
knowledge of it must be gained through the avenues of the senses. That
is to say, the materialists announce that the criterion and standard
of human knowledge is sense perception. Among the Greeks and Romans
the criterion of knowledge was reason; that whatever is provable and
acceptable by reason must necessarily be admitted as true. A third
standard or criterion is the opinion held by theologians that
traditions or prophetic statement and interpretations constitute the
basis of human knowing. There is still another, a fourth criterion
upheld by religionists and metaphysicians who say that the source and
channel of all human penetration into the unknown is through
inspiration. Briefly then, these four criterions according to the
declarations of men are: First--Sense Perception; Second--Reason;
Third--Traditions; Fourth--Inspiration.

In Europe I told the philosophers and scientists of materialism that
the criterion of the senses is not reliable. For instance, consider a
mirror and the images reflected in it. These images have no actual
corporeal existence. Yet if you had never seen a mirror you would
firmly insist and believe that they were real. The eye sees a mirage
upon the desert as a lake of water but there is no reality in it. As
we stand upon the deck of a steamer the shore appears to be moving,
yet we know the land is stationary and we are moving. The earth was
believed to be fixed and the sun revolving about it but although this
appears to be so, the reverse is now known to be true. A whirling
torch makes a circle of fire appear before the eye, yet we realize
there is but one point of light. We behold a shadow moving upon the
ground but it has no material existence, no substance. In deserts the
atmospheric effects are particularly productive of illusions which
deceive the eye. Once I saw a mirage in which a whole caravan appeared
traveling upward into the sky. In the far north other deceptive
phenomena appear and baffle human vision. Sometimes three or four suns
called by scientists "mock suns" will be shining at the same time
whereas we know the great solar orb is one and that it remains fixed
and single. In brief, the senses are continually deceived and we are
unable to separate that which is reality from that which is not.

As to the second criterion--reason--this likewise is unreliable and
not to be depended upon. This human world is an ocean of varying
opinions. If reason is the perfect standard and criterion of
knowledge, why are opinions at variance and why do philosophers
disagree so completely with each other? This is a clear proof that
human reason is not to be relied upon as an infallible criterion. For
instance, great discoveries and announcements of former centuries are
continually upset and discarded by the wise men of today.
Mathematicians, astronomers, chemical scientists continually disprove
and reject the conclusions of the ancients; nothing is fixed, nothing
final; everything continually changing because human reason is
progressing along new roads of investigation and arriving at new
conclusions every day. In the future much that is announced and
accepted as true now will be rejected and disproved. And so it will
continue ad infinitum.

When we consider the third criterion--traditions--upheld by
theologians as the avenue and standard of knowledge, we find this
source equally unreliable and unworthy of dependence. For religious
traditions are the report and record of understanding and
interpretation of the Book. By what means has this understanding, this
interpretation been reached? By the analysis of human reason. When we
read the Book of God the faculty of comprehension by which we form
conclusions is reason. Reason is mind. If we are not endowed with
perfect reason, how can we comprehend the meanings of the Word of God?
Therefore human reason, as already pointed out, is by its very nature
finite and faulty in conclusions. It cannot surround the Reality
Itself, the Infinite Word. Inasmuch as the source of traditions and
interpretations is human reason, and human reason is faulty, how can
we depend upon its findings for real knowledge?

The fourth criterion I have named is inspiration through which it is
claimed the reality of knowledge is attainable. What is inspiration?
It is the influx of the human heart. But what are satanic promptings
which afflict mankind? They are the influx of the heart also. How
shall we differentiate between them? The question arises, How shall we
know whether we are following inspiration from God or satanic
promptings of the human soul? Briefly, the point is that in the human
material world of phenomena these four are the only existing
criterions or avenues of knowledge, and all of them are faulty and
unreliable. What then remains? How shall we attain the reality of
knowledge? By the breaths and promptings of the Holy Spirit which is
light and knowledge itself. Through it the human mind is quickened and
fortified into true conclusions and perfect knowledge. This is
conclusive argument showing that all available human criterions are
erroneous and defective, but the divine standard of knowledge is
infallible. Therefore man is not justified in saying "I know because I
perceive through my senses"; or "I know because it is proved through
my faculty of reason"; or "I know because it is according to tradition
and interpretation of the holy book"; or "I know because I am
inspired." All human standard of judgment is faulty, finite.

http://www.bahai-library.com/writings/abdulbaha/fwu/sec-11.html

SCIENCE by Abdul-Bahá

Foundations of World Unity
http://bahai-library.com/file.php5?file=abdulbaha_foundations_world_unity&language=All

SCIENCE
http://www.bahai-library.com/writings/abdulbaha/fwu/sec-17.html

The virtues of humanity are many but science is the most noble of them
all. The distinction which man enjoys above and beyond the station of
the animal is due to this paramount virtue. It is a bestowal of God;
it is not material, it is divine. Science is an effulgence of the Sun
of Reality, the power of investigating and discovering the verities of
the universe, the means by which man finds a pathway to God. All the
powers and attributes of man are human and hereditary in origin,
outcomes of nature's processes, except the intellect, which is
supernatural. Through intellectual and intelligent inquiry science is
the discoverer of all things. It unites present and past, reveals the
history of bygone nations and events, and confers upon man today the
essence of all human knowledge and attainment throughout the ages. By
intellectual processes and logical deductions of reason, this
super-power in man can penetrate the mysteries of the future and
anticipate its happenings.

Science is the first emanation from God toward man. All created beings
embody the potentiality of material perfection, but the power of
intellectual investigation and scientific acquisition is a higher
virtue specialized to man alone. Other beings and organisms are
deprived of this potentiality and attainment. God has created or
deposited this love of reality in man. The development and progress of
a nation is according to the measure and degree of that nation's
scientific attainments. Through this means, its greatness is
continually increased and day by day the welfare and prosperity of its
people are assured.

All blessings are divine in origin but none can be compared with this
power of intellectual investigation and research which is an eternal
gift producing fruits of unending delight. Man is ever partaking of
these fruits. All other blessings are temporary; this is an
everlasting possession. Even sovereignty has its limitations and
overthrow; this is a kingship and dominion which none may usurp or
destroy. Briefly; it is an eternal blessing and divine bestowal, the
supreme gift of God to man. Therefore you should put forward your most
earnest efforts toward the acquisition of sciences and arts. The
greater your attainment, the higher your standard in the divine
purpose. The man of science is perceiving and endowed with vision
whereas he who is ignorant and neglectful of this development is
blind. The investigating mind is attentive, alive; the mind callous
and indifferent is deaf and dead. A scientific man is a true index and
representative of humanity, for through processes of inductive
reasoning and research he is informed of all that appertains to
humanity, its status, conditions and happenings. He studies the human
body politic, understands social problems and weaves the web and
texture of civilization. In fact, science may be likened to a mirror
wherein the infinite forms and images of existing things are revealed
and reflected. It is the very foundation of all individual and
national development. Without this basis of investigation, development
is impossible. Therefore seek with diligent endeavor the knowledge and
attainment of all that lies within the power of this wonderful bestowal.

We have already stated that science or the attribute of scientific
penetration is supernatural and that all other blessings of God are
within the boundary of nature. What is the proof of this? All created
things except man are captives of nature. The stars and suns swinging
through infinite space, all earthly forms of life and existence
whether mineral, vegetable or animal come under the dominion and
control of natural law. Man through scientific knowledge and power
rules nature and utilizes her laws to do his bidding. According to
natural limitations he is a creature of earth restricted to life upon
its surface, but through scientific utilization of material laws he
soars in the sky, sails upon the ocean and dives beneath it. The
products of his invention and discovery so familiar to us in daily
life were once mysteries of nature. For instance, man has brought
electricity out of the plane of the invisible into the plane of the
visible, harnessed and imprisoned that mysterious natural agent and
made it the servant of his needs and wishes. Similar instances are
many but we will not prolong. Man as it were takes the sword out of
nature's hand and with it for his sceptre of authority dominates
nature itself. Nature is without the crown of human faculties and
attributes. Man possesses conscious intelligence and reflection;
nature is minus. This is an established fundamental among
philosophers. Man is endowed with volition and memory; nature has
neither. Man can seek out the mysteries latent in nature whereas
nature is not conscious of her own hidden phenomena. Man is
progressive; nature is stationary, without the power of progression or
retrogression. Man is endowed with ideal virtues, for example
intellection, volition,--among them faith, confession and
acknowledgment of God, while nature is devoid of all these. The ideal
faculties of man, including the capacity of scientific acquisition are
beyond nature's ken. These are powers whereby man is differentiated
and distinguished from all other forms of life. This is the bestowal
of divine idealism, the crown adorning human heads. Notwithstanding
the gift of this supernatural power, it is most amazing that
materialists still consider themselves within the bounds and captivity
of nature. The truth is that God has endowed man with virtues, powers
and ideal faculties of which nature is entirely bereft and by which
man is elevated, distinguished and superior. We must thank God for
these bestowals, for these powers He has given us, for this crown He
has placed upon our heads.

How shall we utilize these gifts and expend these bounties? By
directing our efforts toward the unification of the human race. We
must use these powers in establishing the oneness of the world of
humanity; appreciate these virtues by accomplishing the unity of the
white and colored races; devote this divine intelligence to the
perfecting of amity and accord among all branches of the human family,
so that under the protection and providence of God, the East and West
may hold each other's hands and become as lovers. Then will mankind be
as one nation, one race and kind; as waves of one ocean. Although
these waves may differ in form and shape, they are waves of the same
sea. Flowers may be variegated in colors but they are all flowers of
one garden. Trees differ though they grow in the same orchard. All are
nourished and quickened into life by the bounty of the same rain; all
grow and develop by the heat and light of the one sun; all are
refreshed and exhilarated by the same breeze; that they may bring
forth varied fruits. This is according to the creative wisdom. If all
trees bore the same kind of fruit it would cease to be delicious. In
their never ending variety man finds enjoyment instead of monotony.

And now as I look into your faces I am reminded of trees varying in
color and form but all bearing luscious and delectable fruits,
fragrant and delightful to the inner and outer senses. The radiance
and spirituality of this meeting is through the favor of God. Our
hearts are uplifted in thankfulness to Him. Praise be to God! you are
living upon the great continent of the West enjoying the perfect
liberty, security and peace of this just government. There is no cause
for sorrow or unhappiness anywhere; every means of happiness and
enjoyment is about you, for in this human world there is no greater
blessing than liberty. You do not know. I who for forty years have
been a prisoner, do know. I do know the value and blessing of liberty.
For you have been and are now living in freedom and you have no fear
of anybody. Is there a greater blessing than this? Freedom! Liberty!
Security! These are the great bestowals of God. Therefore praise God!

THE MICROCOSM AND THE MACROCOSM by Abdul-Bahá

Foundations of World Unity
http://bahai-library.com/file.php5?file=abdulbaha_foundations_world_unity&language=All

THE MICROCOSM AND THE MACROCOSM
http://www.bahai-library.com/writings/abdulbaha/fwu/sec-13.html

When we ponder over the reality of the microcosm, we discover that in
the microcosm there are deposited three realities. Man is endowed with
an outer or physical reality. It belongs to the material realm, the
animal kingdom, because it has sprung from the material world. This
animalistic reality of man he shares in common with the animals.

The human body is like animals subject to nature's laws. But man is
endowed with a second reality, the rational or intellectual reality;
and the intellectual reality of man predominates over nature.

All these sciences which we enjoy were the hidden and recondite
secrets of nature, unknowable to nature, but man was enabled to
discover these mysteries, and out of the plane of the unseen he
brought them into the plane of the seen.

Yet there is a third reality in man, the spiritual reality. Through
its medium one discovers spiritual revelations, a celestial faculty
which is infinite as regards the intellectual as well as physical
realms. That power is conferred upon man through the breath of the
Holy Spirit. It is an eternal reality, an indestructible reality, a
reality belonging to the divine, supernatural kingdom; a reality
whereby the world is illumined, a reality which grants unto man
eternal life. This third, spiritual reality it is which discovers past
events and looks along the vistas of the future. It is the ray of the
Sun of Reality. The spiritual world is enlightened through it, the
whole of the Kingdom is being illumined by it. It enjoys the world of
beatitude, a world which had not beginning and which shall have no end.

That celestial reality, the third reality of the microcosm, delivers
man from the material world. Its power causes man to escape from
nature's world. Escaping, he will find an illuminating reality,
transcending the limited reality of man and causing him to attain to
the infinitude of God, abstracting him from the world of superstitions
and imaginations, and submerging him in the sea of the rays of the Sun
of Reality.

This fact is proved from scientific as well as spiritual evidence.

When we ponder over the conditions of phenomena, we observe that all
phenomena are composed of single elements. This singular cell-element
travels and has its coursings through all the grades of existence. I
wish you to ponder carefully over this. This cellular element has at
some time been in the mineral kingdom. While staying in the mineral
kingdom it has had its coursings and transformations through myriads
of images and forms. Having perfected its journey in the mineral
kingdom, it has ascended to the vegetable kingdom; and in the
vegetable kingdom it has again had journeys and transformations
through myriads of conditions. Having accomplished its functions in
the vegetable kingdom, the cellular element ascends to the animal kingdom.

In the animal kingdom again it goes through the composition of myriads
of images, and then we have it in the human kingdom. In the human
kingdom likewise it has its transformations and coursings through
multitudes of forms. In short, this single primordial atom has had its
great journeys through every stage of life, and in every stage it was
endowed with a special and particular virtue or characteristic.

Consequently, the great divine philosophers have had the following
epigram: All things are involved in all things. For every single
phenomenon has enjoyed the postulates of God, and in every form of
these infinite electrons it has had its characteristics of perfection.

Thus this flower once upon a time was of the soil. The animal eats the
flower or its fruit, and it thereby ascends to the animal kingdom. Man
eats the meat of the animal, and there you have its ascent into the
human kingdom, because all phenomena are divided into that which eats
and that which is eaten. Therefore, every primordial atom of these
atoms, singly and indivisible, has had its coursings throughout all
the sentient creation, going constantly into the aggregation of the
various elements. Hence do you have the conservation of energy and the
infinity of phenomena, the indestructibility of phenomena, changeless
and immutable, because life cannot suffer annihilation but only change.

The apparent annihilation is this: that the form, the outward image,
goes through all these changes and transformations. Let us again take
the example of this flower. The flower is indestructible. The only
thing that we can see, this outer form, is indeed destroyed, but the
elements, the indivisible elements which have gone into the
composition of this flower are eternal and changeless. Therefore the
realities of all phenomena are immutable. Extinction or mortality is
nothing but the transformation of pictures and images, so to speak--
the reality back of these images is eternal. And every reality of the
realities is one of the bounties of God.

Some people believe that the divinity of God had a beginning. They say
that before this particular beginning man had no knowledge of the
divinity of God. With this principle they have limited the operation
of the influences of God.

For example, they think there was a time when man did not exist, and
that there will be a time in the future when man will not exist. Such
a theory circumscribes the power of God, because how can we understand
the divinity of God except through scientifically understanding the
manifestations of the attributes of God?

How can we understand the nature of fire except from its heat, its
light? Were not heat and light in this fire, naturally we could not
say that the fire existed.

Thus, if there was a time when God did not manifest His qualities,
then there was no God, because the attributes of God presuppose the
creation of phenomena. For example, by present consideration we say
that God is the creator. Then there must always have been a creation
--since the quality of creator cannot be limited to the moment when
some man or men realize this attribute. The attributes that we
discover one by one--these attributes themselves necessarily
anticipated our discovery of them. Therefore, God has no beginning and
no ending; nor is His creation limited ever as to degree. Limitations
of time and degree pertain to things created, never to the creation as
a whole. They pertain to the forms of things, not to their realities.
The effulgence of God cannot be suspended. The sovereignty of God
cannot be interrupted.

As long as the sovereignty of God is immemorial, therefore the
creation of our world throughout infinity is presupposed. When we look
at the reality of this subject, we see that the bounties of God are
infinite, without beginning and without end.

The greatest bounties of God in this phenomenal world are His
Manifestations. This is the greatest postulate. These Manifestations
are the Suns of Reality. For it is through the Manifestation that the
reality becomes known and established for man. History proves to us
that apart from the influence of the Manifestations, man sinks back
into his animal condition, using even his intellectual power to
subserve an animal purpose. Therefore there is no cessation whatsoever
in the future for the appearance of the Manifestation of God, because
God is infinite and His purpose cannot be limited in any way. If we
ever dare to limit and circumscribe God's purpose within any bounds,
then of necessity we have dared to set limitations to the omnipotence
of God. The created has dared to define his Creator!

Consequently, the perfect man ever beholds the rays of the Sun of
Truth. The perfect man ever awaits and expects the coming of the
effulgence of God, he ever ponders over the methods and purposes of
God, knowing that of certainty the realities of the Divine are not
finite, the Divine names and attributes are not finite. God's graces
and bounties are without limit, and the coming of the Manifestations
of God are not circumscribed by time.

Louis Gregory: a dedicated promoter of racial harmony

Louis Gregory: a dedicated promoter of racial harmony

Louis Gregory reached more people than any other advocate of racial harmony in the first half of the 20th century, says Gayle Morrison, a Baha'i who has researched the life and contributions of Mr. Gregory, an early U.S. Baha'i.



Louis G. GregoryBorn in 1874 to freed slaves, Mr. Gregory traveled tirelessly throughout the nation, speaking at schools and churches and to civic groups. His travels involved lengthy separations from his white wife, Louisa Mathew. At the time interracial marriages were illegal in many parts of the country and generally not accepted even where they were not prohibited.

Mr. Gregory gave up a successful law practice to devote himself full-time to improving race relations. Inspired by the teachings of the Baha'i Faith, “he saw the larger picture and placed his undiminished concern for the welfare of the oppressed within a universal context,” says Ms. Morrison, the author of "To Move the World: Louis G. Gregory and the Advancement of Racial Unity in America. “

A leader ahead of his time, Mr. Gregory “didn’t see things only in terms of race or ethnicity, but also in terms of the equality of men and women,” Ms. Morrison says. “He was concerned about the well being and advancement of people everywhere.”

Although the name “Louis Gregory” isn’t as well recognized as those of contemporaries George Washington Carver and W.E.B. DuBois, his contributions are significant, Ms. Morrison says.

In acknowledgment of that, the Baha'i community in Charleston, S.C., Mr. Gregory’s hometown, created the Louis G. Gregory Baha'i Museum in 2003. Located in a small, two-story, wood-frame house where Mr. Gregory lived as a child, the museum is the first in the city to honor a specific person.

“This city was the main port of entry for North America’s enslaved Africans, and it witnessed the opening shots of the Civil War,” says Jacquelyn Jones, a Charleston Baha'i.

The Baha’is of the United States also honored Mr. Gregory by creating the Louis G. Gregory Baha'i Institute near Hemingway, S.C. The institute, open to all, offers a variety of programs for children and adults, and is the home of Radio Baha'i (WLGI).

---

Source URL: http://www.bahai.us/louis-gregory

: " One cannot obtain the full force of the sunlight when it is cast on a flat mirror, but once the sun shineth upon a concave mirror, or on a lens that is convex, all its heat will be concentrated on a single point, and that one point will burn the hottest. Thus is it necessary to focus one's thinking on a single point so that it will become an effective force. "

WORLD RELIGION DAY

From the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh:

We testify that He is One in His Essence, One in His Attributes. He hath none to equal Him in the whole universe, nor any partner in all creation.

(Bahá'u'lláh: Epistle to the Son of the Wolf, p. 98)

He, in truth, hath, throughout eternity, been one in His Essence, one in His attributes, one in His works. Any and every comparison is applicable only to His creatures, and all conceptions of association are conceptions that belong solely to those that serve Him. Immeasurably exalted is His Essence above the descriptions of His creatures. He, alone, occupieth the Seat of transcendent majesty, of supreme and inaccessible glory.

(Bahá'u'lláh: Gleanings, p. 193)

Regard thou the one true God as One Who is apart from, and immeasurably exalted above, all created things. The whole universe reflecteth His glory, while He is Himself independent of, and transcendeth His creatures. This is the true meaning of Divine unity. He Who is the Eternal Truth is the one Power Who exerciseth undisputed sovereignty over the world of being, Whose image is reflected in the mirror of the entire creation. All existence is dependent upon Him, and from Him is derived the source of the sustenance of all things. This is what is meant by Divine unity; this is its fundamental principle.

Some, deluded by their idle fancies, have conceived all created things as associates and partners of God, and imagined themselves to be the exponents of His unity. By Him Who is the one true God! Such men have been, and will continue to remain, the victims of blind imitation, and are to be numbered with them that have restricted and limited the conception of God.

He is a true believer in Divine unity who, far from confusing duality with oneness, refuseth to allow any notion of multiplicity to becloud his conception of the singleness of God, who will regard the Divine Being as One Who, by His very nature, transcendeth the limitations of numbers.

The essence of belief in Divine unity consisteth in regarding Him Who is the Manifestation of God and Him Who is the invisible, the inaccessible, the unknowable Essence as one and the same. By this is meant that whatever pertaineth to the former, all His acts and doings, whatever He ordaineth or forbiddeth, should be considered, in all their aspects, and under all circumstances, and without any reservation, as identical with the Will of God Himself. This is the loftiest station to which a true believer in the unity of God can ever hope to attain. Blessed is the man that reacheth this station, and is of them that are steadfast in their belief.

(Bahá'u'lláh: Gleanings, pp. 166-167)

Whatsoever in the contingent world can either be expressed or apprehended, can never transgress the limits which, by its inherent nature, have been imposed upon it. God, alone, transcendeth such limitations. He, verily, is from everlasting. No peer or partner has been, or can ever be, joined with Him. No name can be compared with His Name. No pen can portray His nature, neither can any tongue depict His glory. He will, for ever, remain immeasurably exalted above any one except Himself.

(Bahá'u'lláh: Gleanings, p. 151)

And now concerning thy reference to the existence of two Gods. Beware, beware, lest thou be led to join partners with the Lord, thy God. He is, and hath from everlasting been, one and alone, without peer or equal, eternal in the past, eternal in the future, detached from all things, ever-abiding, unchangeable, and self-subsisting. He hath assigned no associate unto Himself in His Kingdom, no counsellor to counsel Him, none to compare unto Him, none to rival His glory.

(Bahá'u'lláh: Gleanings, p. 192)

From the Writings of the Báb:
God testifieth that there is none other God but Him. His are the kingdoms in the heavens and on the earth and all that is between them. He is exalted above the comprehension of all things, and is inscrutable to the mind of every created being; none shall be able to fathom the oneness of His Being or to unravel the nature of His Existence. No peer or likeness, no similitude or equal can ever be joined with Him.

(The Báb: Selections from the Báb, p. 154)

From the Utterances of 'Abdu'l-Bahá:
The great and fundamental teachings of Bahá'u'lláh are the oneness of God and unity of mankind.

('Abdu'l-Bahá: Promulgation of Universal Peace, p. 156)

Bahá'u'lláh appeared upon the horizon of the East, proclaiming the oneness of God and the unity of the world of humanity. He promulgated the teaching that all mankind are the servants of one God; that all have come into being through the bestowal of the one Creator; that God is kind to all, nurtures, rears and protects all, provides for all and extends His love and mercy to all races and people.

('Abdu'l-Bahá: Promulgation of Universal Peace, p. 174)

There is also the divine unity or entity, which is sanctified above all concept of humanity. It cannot be comprehended nor conceived because it is infinite reality and cannot become finite. Human minds are incapable of surrounding that reality because all thoughts and conceptions of it are finite, intellectual creations and not the reality of Divine Being which alone knows itself. For example, if we form a conception of Divinity as a living, almighty, self-subsisting, eternal Being, this is only a concept apprehended by a human intellectual reality. It would not be the outward, visible reality, which is beyond the power of human mind to conceive or encompass. We ourselves have an external, visible entity; but even our concept of it is the product of our own brain and limited comprehension. The reality of Divinity is sanctified above this degree of knowing and realization. It has ever been hidden and secluded in its own holiness and sanctity above our comprehending. Although it transcends our realization, its lights, bestowals, traces and virtues have become manifest in the realities of the Prophets, even as the sun becomes resplendent in various mirrors. These holy realities are as reflectors, and the reality of Divinity is as the sun, which, although it is reflected from the mirrors, and its virtues and perfections become resplendent therein, does not stoop from its own station of majesty and glory and seek abode in the mirrors; it remains in its heaven of sanctity. At most it is this: that its lights become manifest and evident in its mirrors or manifestations. Therefore, its bounty proceeding from them is one bounty, but the recipients of that bounty are many. This is the unity of God; this is oneness - unity of Divinity, holy above ascent or descent, embodiment, comprehension or idealization - divine unity.

('Abdu'l-Bahá: Promulgation of Universal Peace, pp. 192-193)

Women/Qur’an

A PERSONAL VIEW

If ever there has been a controversial verse in the Holy Qur'an, it certainly is verse 4:34. Used by opponents of Islam to label thisreligion woman-unfriendly (to put it mildly), Muslims themselves arestruggling with interpreting it. For yes, let us agree about this:there is no such thing as “the” one and only correct interpretation ofthe Word of Allah – only Allah knows what He meant. We can only try tounderstand. And in this particular case, an alternative for thetroublesome interpretations of this verse may bring us a bit closer tothat objective.Let us have a look at a (partial) translation of this verse 1:"Men are the {qawwam} of women, because Allah has given the onemorethan the other, and because they support them from their means.Therefore the righteous women are {qanitat}, and guard in the husband'sabsence what Allah would have them guard. As to those women on whosepart ye fear {nushuz}, admonish them first, then refuse to share theirbeds, and finally {adriboo} them; but when they {ataa:} to you, thenseek not against them means of annoyance: For Allah is Most High, greatabove you all. "Disobedient women?The key word to answer this question is {qanitat}, which is a feminineplural of {qanit}, based on the root {q-n-t}. This word appears on manyother occasions in the Holy Qur'an 2, where it is used exclusively inthe sense of 'submissive, obedient to Allah'. Verse 4:34 contains noreason at all to depart from this meaningand to change it into'obedience to a husband'. This verse is about pious women who, justlike pious men, are obedient to Allah. And a wife (husband) who isobedient to God, must live up to her (his) marital duties.Superior husband and inferior wife?Throughout the Holy Qur'an, Allah emphasizes that men and women areequal for Him – Allah will judge them in exactly the same way 3. So itwould be strange indeed if a verse would contradict this equality. Butis that really the case here? The Arabic word used is {qawwam}, anintensive form of {qaim}, meaning: 'to take care of, to look after'.Therefore, does this verse say that men are superior to women? Not atall. It says: men must look after women. In Islam, men are obliged tofinancially provide for their wife and children. They have to pay fortheirhousing, clothing, food, medicines, etc. That is what{qawwamoona} means: men must take care of women.Misbehaviour?Is this verse about what a man should do when his wife 'misbehaves'?The exact word used here, {nushuz}, means 'discord, hostiliy,dissonance'. In this context it could be interpreted as 'maritalproblems'.Beating his wife?The verse instructs a husband whose wife causes problems in theirmarriage to first talk to her about it, then leave the marital bed,then {adriboo} his wife, and all of this in view of pursueing areconciliation as is evident from the subsequent verse 4:35.The Arabic word used here, {adriboo}, from the root {d-r-b}, hasseveral dozens of meanings, such as: 'to beat', but also: 'to forsake,to avoid, to leave'.How do we know which interpretation to choose? One way to find out, isto relate this verse to other verses in the Holy Qur'an and to check ifthe meanings make sense. In this case, let us look at verse 24:2, whichdescribes what should be done in case of adultery :"The woman and the man guilty of adultery or fornication,- flog each ofthem with a hundred stripes..." (Holy Qur'an 24:2)4This verse establishes the principle that for men and women, equalactions lead to equal punishment. When for adultery men and women mustreceive equal punishment, surely there is no reason why they should betreated differently for any lesser marital problem.Now let us take a look at the consequences of interpreting {adriboo}one way or another.Suppose {adriboo} means: 'to beat'.In this case, verse 4:34 says that when a wife causes a problem in themarriage, her husband should first talk to her about it, then leavetheir bed, then beat her and all of this in view of increasing hischances of a reconciliation. On the emotional level, this certainlydoes not sound like a very promising course of action. So let us checkthis meaning against the bigger framework and in particular against theprinciple of 'equal behaviour leads to equal punishment'. This wouldimply that when ahusband causes a problem in the marriage, his wifecan beat him. At which he could invoke verse 4:34 to beat her again, sothat the result would be a perpetual physical fight between spouses!Surely, this makes no sense at all. And indeed, it is not what Allahprescribes for the situation where a husband causes a rift, as will beexplained in a moment.Suppose {adriboo} means: 'to forsake, to avoid', possibly, as MohammedAbdul Malek5 suggests: 'to separate, to part' .Now what do we get? Verse 4:34 now says that when a wife causes aproblem in the marriage, her husband should first talk to her about it,then leave their bed (forsaking his sexual satisfaction), then avoidher even more (not talking to her anymore, leaving the room when sheenters it, and possibly even leaving the house for a while), inorderto prevent things from getting worse, and on the contrary to letthings cool down and create enough space in view of increasing chancesof a reconciliation.This sounds like a very logical chain of events.Also, application of the general rule of verse 24:2 ('equal actions,equal punishment') now means that when a husband causes a maritalproblem, his wife should forsake a few of her rights, avoid her husbandin increasing ways, and try to work towards a reconciliation. And yes,that is precisely what verse 4:128 says:"If a wife fears cruelty or desertion on her husband's part, there isno blame on them if they arrange an amicable settlement betweenthemselves" (Holy Qur'an 4:128)4Understanding {adriboo} as 'to forsake, to (gradually) avoid (more andmore), possibly eventually leave altogether', clearly makes sense whenrelating several verses to one another.And there is more. Beating a wife, would contradict hadiths of the HolyProphet who repeatedly said: “do not beat believing women!”. It wouldalso contradict the Holy Prophet's instructions about anger – which(unless it is caused by injustice) he explained to originate from Satanand which he described as "a living coal on one's heart". One shouldnot act upon ones anger, lest one would do things one would regretlater. When you are angry when you are standing, sit down, the HolyProphet said. And when you are still angry when you are sitting, thenlie down. Interpreting this verse as allowing a husband to beat hiswife, surely contradicts these rulings on anger.Furthermore, Allah says in the Holy Qur'an that one must meet badbehaviour with something that is better, not with something that isworse, in order to turn a hostile situation into a friendly one:"Nor can goodness and Evil be equal. Repel (Evil) with what is better:Then will he between whom and thee was hatred become as it were thyfriend and intimate!" (Holy Qur'an 41:13)4Therefore the word {adriboo} cannot really have meant “to beat”, canit. It must mean something that is better than causing problems, andavoiding the problem certainly is exactly that.Based on the evidence presented here, it would seem that interpreting{adriboo}as 'to beat', causes several internal conflicts with themeaning of other Qur'anic verses and hadiths, while interpreting it as'gradually forsaking, more and more and possibly leaving altogether',is a much more logical interpretation that is entirely consistent withthe interpretation of other rules in the Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah ofthe Holy Prophet Muhammad.What makes much more sense, is that this verse does not allow a'superior' husband to 'beat' his 'inferior, disobedient' wife. On thecontrary, this verse appears to tell us that a husband must look afterhis wife (an equal partner who, like he, is obedient to God), and thatwhen his wife is causing problems in their marriage, he should firsttalk to her about it, if that doesn't help, he should begin avoidingher by leaving the marital bed. If that still doesn't resolve thesituation, he should forsake her presence even more,avoidconversations, leave a room when she enters it, avoid her companyaltogether, and possibly leave the house for a while, so that noproblems are added to the conflict, and so that things can cool down abit to maximise chances for a later reconciliation.Return to obedience?When the problem is solved, when the wife is committed to the marriageagain, then the husband is advised not to keep using the incidentagainst her and to consider the incident closed.The exact Arabic wording is: "when then they (fem.pl.) {aTa:} (with)you (masc.pl.), then seek not against them (fem.pl) means ofannoyance". The verb {aTa:} (alif taa alif ayn) has several meanings,such as: 'obey', but also: 'comply, comply with, accommodate, giveinto', or in French 'filer doux'. Consequently, the verse can beunderstood to mean: "when then they are committed to the marriageagain", or: "when then they give in to/comply with the efforts of thehusband to save the marriage", or "when they no longer cause marriageproblems", ... Linguistically there is no compelling necessity totranslate {aTa:} as "obedient to the husband" . Other interpretationsare possible and indeed preferable. Earlier in the verse, there was noreason at all to translate {qanitat} as women who are "obedient totheir husband" so that here there isn't any reason to imply that thisverse is about a temporary disobedience and a subsequent return toobedience to their husbands. It is not a matter of obedience to him, itis a matter of {nushuz} (marriage problems). And the Holy Quran advisesthat when one of the partners causes a marriage problem, the othershould gradually avoid the person who causes the problem, in order tosave the marriage -irrespective of who started the strife (4:34,4:128)
-----FROM BAHAI DISCUSS LIST

The foundation of

ALL RELIGIONS IS ONE

If Christians of all denominations and divisions should investigate reality, the foundations of His Holiness Christ would unite them. No enmity or hatred will remain for they will all be under the one guidance of reality itself. Likewise in the wider field, if all the existing religious systems will turn away from ancestral imitations and investigate the reality, seeking the real meanings of the Holy Books, they will unite and agree upon the same foundation, the reality itself. As long as they follow counterfeit doctrines or imitations instead of reality, animosity and discord will exist and increase. Let me illustrate this. His Holiness Moses and the prophets of Israel announced the advent of the Messiah but expressed it in the language of symbols. When His Holiness Christ appeared, the Jews rejected Him although they were expecting His manifestation, and in their temples and synagogues were crying and lamenting, saying "O God, hasten the coming of the Messiah!" Why did thy deny Him when He announced Himself? Because they had followed ancestral forms and interpretations and were blind to the reality of Christ. They had not perceived the inner significances of the Holy Bible. They voiced their objections, saying, "We are expecting His Holiness Christ, but His coming is conditioned upon certain fulfillments and prophetic announcements. Among the signs of His appearance is one that He shall come from an unknown place, whereas now this claimant of Messiahship has come from Nazareth. We home and we are acquainted with his mother.

"Second: One of the signs or messianic conditions is that his scepter would be an iron rod, and this Christ has not even a wooden staff.

"Third: He was to be seated upon the throne of David whereas this messianic king is in the utmost state of poverty and has not even a mat.

"Fourth: He was to conquer the East and the West. This person has not even conquered a village. How can he be Messiah?

"Fifth: He was to promulgate the laws of the Bible. This one has not only failed to promulgate the laws of the Bible but he has broken the law of the Sabbath.

"Sixth: Messiah was to gather together all the Jews who were scattered in Palestine and restore them to honor and prestige but this one has degraded the Jews instead of lifting them up.

"Seventh: During his sovereignty even the animals were to enjoy blessings and comforts, for according to the prophetic texts he should establish peace to such a universal extent that the eagle and quail would live together, the lion and deer would feed in the same meadow, the wolf and lamb would lie down in the same pasture. In the human kingdom warfare was to cease entirely, spears would be turned into pruning hooks and swords into ploughshares. Now we see in the day of this would-be Messiah such injustice prevails that even he himself is sacrificed. How could he be the promised Christ?"

And so they spoke infamous words regarding Him.

Now inasmuch as the Jews were submerged in the sea of ancestral imitations, they could not comprehend the meaning of these prophecies. All the words of the prophets were fulfilled but because the Jews held tenaciously to hereditary interpretations, they did not understand the inner meanings of the Holy Bible; therefore they denied His Holiness Jesus Christ, the Messiah. The purpose of the prophetic words was not the outward or literal meaning but the inner symbolical significance. For example, it was announced that Messiah was to come from an unknown place. This did not refer to the birthplace of the physical body of Jesus. It has reference to the reality of the Christ; that is to say, the Christ reality was to appear from the invisible realm, for the divine reality of Christ is holy and sanctified above place.

His sword was to be a sword of iron. This signified His tongue which should separate the true from the false and by which great sword of attack He would conquer the kingdoms of hearts. He did not conquer by the physical power of an iron rod; He conquered the East and the West by the sword of His utterance.

. He was seated upon the throne of David but His sovereignty was not a Napoleonic sovereignty nor the vanishing dominion of a Pharaoh. The Christ kingdom was everlasting, eternal in the heaven of the divine Will.

. By His promulgating the laws of the Bible, the reality of the law of Moses was meant. The Sinaitic law is the foundation of the reality of Christianity. Christ promulgated it and gave it higher, spiritual expression.

. He conquered and subdued the East and the West. His conquests were effected through the breaths of the Holy Spirit which eliminated all boundaries and shone from all horizons.

In His day, according to prophecy, the wolf and the lamb were to drink from the same fountain. This was realized in Christ. The fountain referred to was the Gospel from which the Water of Life gushes forth. The wolf and lamb are opposed and divergent races symbolized by these animals. Their meeting and association were impossible, but having become believers in Jesus Christ those who were formerly as wolves and lambs became united through the words of the Gospel.

The purport is that all the meanings of the prophecies were fulfilled but because the Jews were captives of ancestral imitations and did not perceive the reality of the meanings of these words, they denied His Holiness Christ; nay, they even went so far as to crucify Him. Consider how harmful is imitation. These were interpretations handed down from fathers and ancestors, and because the Jews held fast to them, they were deprived.

It is evident then that we must forsake all such imitations and beliefs so that we may not commit this error. We must investigate reality, lay aside selfish notions and banish heresay from our minds. The Jews considered His Holiness Christ the enemy of Moses whereas on the contrary His Holiness Christ promoted the Word of Moses. He spread the name of Moses throughout the Orient and Occident. He promulgated the teachings of Moses. Had it not been for His Holiness Christ you would not have heard the name of Moses; and unless the manifestation of Messiahship had appeared in Christ he would not have received the Old Testament.

The truth is that His Holiness fulfilled the Mosaic law and in every way upheld Moses; but the Jews, blinded by imitations and prejudices, considered His Holiness the enemy of Moses.
Among the great religious systems of the world is Muhammadanism. About three hundred millions of people acknowledge it. For more than a thousand years there has been enmity and strife between Muhammadans and Christians owing to misunderstanding and spiritual blindness. If prejudices and imitations were abandoned there would be no enmity whatever between them, and these hundreds of millions of antagonistic religionists would adorn the world of humanity by their unity.


I wish now to call your attention to a most important point. All Islam considers the Qur'án the Word of God. In this sacred Book there are explicit texts which are not traditional, stating that His Holiness Christ was the Word of God, that He was the spirit of God, that Jesus Christ came into this world through the quickening breaths of the Holy Spirit, and that Her Grace Mary, His mother, was holy and sanctified. In the Qur'án a whole chapter is devoted to the story of Jesus. It records that in the time of His youth He worshipped God at the temple at Jerusalem; that manna descended from heaven for His sustenance and that He uttered words immediately after His birth. In brief, in the Qur'án there is eulogy and commendation of Christ such as you do not find in the Gospel. The Gospel does not record that the child Jesus spoke at birth or that God caused sustenance to descend from heaven for Him; but in the Qur'án it is repeatedly stated that God sent down manna day by day as food for Him. Furthermore, it is significant and convincing that when His Holiness Muhammad proclaimed his work and mission, His first objection to His own followers was: "Why have you not believed on Jesus Christ? Why have you not accepted the Gospel? Why have you not believed in Moses? Why have you not followed the precepts of the Old Testament? Why have you not understood the prophets of Israel? Why have you not believed in the disciples of Christ? The first duty incumbent upon you; O Arabians! is to accept and believe in these. You 335 must consider Moses as a prophet. You must accept Jesus Christ as the Word of God. You must believe in Jesus Christ as the product of the Holy Spirit." His people answered: "O Muhammad! we will become believers although our fathers and ancestors were not believers and we are proud of them. Tell us what is going to become of them?" Muhammad replied: "I declare unto you that they occupy the lowest stratum of hell because they did not believe in Moses and Christ and because they did not accept the Bible; and although they are my own ancestors, yet they are in despair in hell." This is an explicit text of the Qur'án; it is not a story or tradition but from the Qur'án itself which is in the hands of the people. Therefore it is evident that ignorance and misunderstanding have caused so much warfare and strife between Christians and Muhammadans. If both should investigate the underlying truth of their religious beliefs, the outcome would be unity and agreement; strife and bitterness would pass away forever and the world of humanity find peace and composure. Consider that there are two hundred and fifty million Christians and three hundred million Muhammadans. How much blood has flowed in their wars; how many nations have been destroyed; how many children have been made fatherless; how many fathers and mothers have mourned the loss of dear ones! All this has been due to prejudice, misunderstanding and imitations of ancestral beliefs without investigation of the reality. If the Holy Books were rightly understood none of this discord and distress would have existed, but love and fellowship would have prevailed instead. This is true with all the other religions as well. The essential purpose of the religion of God is to establish unity among mankind. The divine Manifestations were founders of the means of fellowship and love. They did not come to create discord, strife and hatred in the world. The religion of God is the cause of love, but if it is made to be the source of enmity and bloodshed, surely its absence is preferable to its existence; for then it becomes satanic, detrimental and an obstacle to the human world.

In the Orient the various peoples and nations were in a state of antagonism and strife, manifesting the utmost enmity and hatred toward one another. Darkness encompassed the world of mankind. At such a time as this, Bahá'u'lláh appeared. He removed all the imitations and prejudices which had cause separation and misunderstanding, and laid the foundation of the one religion of God. When this was accomplished, Muhammadans, Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, Buddhists all were united in actual fellowship and love. The souls who followed Bahá'u'lláh from every nation have become as one family living in agreement and accord, willing to sacrifice life for each other. The Muhammadan will give his life for the Christian, the Christian for the Jew, and all of them for the Zoroastrian. They live together in love, fellowship and unity. They have attained to the condition of rebirth in the spirit of God. They have become revivified and regenerated through the breaths of the Holy Spirit. Praise be to God! this light has come forth from the East and eventually there shall be no discord or enmity in the Orient. Through the power of Bahá'u'lláh all will be united. His Holiness upraised this standard of the oneness of humanity, in prison. When subjected to banishment by two kings, while a refugee from enemies of all nations and during the days of His long imprisonment He wrote to the kings and rulers of the world in words of wonderful eloquence arraigning them severely and summoning them to the divine standard of unity and justice. He exhorted them to peace and international agreement, making it incumbent upon them to establish a board of international arbitration; that from all nations and governments of the world there should be delegates selected for a congress of nations which should constitute a universal arbitral court of justice to settle international disputes. He wrote to Victoria, Queen of Great Britain, the Czar of Russia, the Emperor of Germany, Napoleon III of France, and others, inviting them to world unity and peace. Through a heavenly power he was enabled to promulgate these ideals in the Orient. Kings could not withstand Him. They endeavored to extinguish His light but served only to increase its intensity and illumination. While in prison He stood against the Shah of Persia and Sultan of Turkey and promulgated His teachings until He firmly established the banner of truth and the oneness of humankind. I was a prisoner with him for forty years until the Young Turks of the Committee of Union and Progress overthrew the despotism of Abdul Hamid, dethroned him and proclaimed liberty. This committee set me free from tyranny and oppression; otherwise I should have been in prison until the days of my life were ended. The purport is this, that Bahá'u'lláh in prison was able to proclaim and establish the 337 foundations of peace, although two despotic kings were His enemies and oppressors. The King of Persia, Nasr-el-Din-Shah had killed twenty thousand Bahá'ís, martyrs who in absolute severance and complete willingness offered their lives joyfully for their faith. These two powerful and tyrannical kings could not withstand a prisoner; this prisoner upheld the standard of humanity and brought the people of the Orient into agreement and unity. Today in the East, only those who have not followed Bahá'u'lláh are in opposition and enmity. The people of the nations who have accepted Him as the standard of divine guidance enjoy a condition of actual fellowship and love. If you should attend a meeting in the East you could not distinguish between Christian and Mussulman; you would not know which was Jew, Zoroastrian or Buddhist, so completely have they become fraternized and their religious differences been leveled. They associate in the utmost love and spiritual fragrance as if they belonged to one family, as if they were one people.

Central Congregational Church, Brooklyn, New York. June 16, 1912.

The Power of the Holy Spirit

THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, PARIS

Since my arrival in Paris, I have been told of the Theosophical Society, and I know that it is composed of honoured and respected men. You are men of intellect and thought, men with spiritual ideals, and it is a great pleasure for me to be among you.
Let us thank God who has drawn us together this evening. It gives me great joy, for I see that you are seekers after truth. You are not held in bondage by the chains of prejudice, and your greatest longing is to know the truth. Truth may be likened to the sun! The sun is the luminous body that disperses all 128 shadows; in the same way does truth scatter the shadows of our imagination. As the sun gives life to the body of humanity so does truth give life to their souls. Truth is a sun that rises from different points on the horizon.
Sometimes the sun rises from the centre of the horizon, then in summer it rises farther north, in winter farther south -- but it is always the self-same sun, however different are the points of its rising.
In like manner truth is one, although its manifestations may be very different. Some men have eyes and see. These worship the sun, no matter from which point on the horizon it may dawn; and when the sun has left the winter sky to appear in the summer one, they know how to find it again. Others there are who worship only the spot from which the sun arose, and when it arises in its glory from another place they remain in contemplation before the spot of its former rising. Alas! these men are deprived of the blessings of the sun. Those who in truth adore the sun itself will recognize it from whatsoever dawning-place it may appear, and will straightway turn their faces towards its radiance.
We must adore the sun itself and not merely the place of its appearance. In the same way men of enlightened heart worship truth on whatever horizon it appears. They are not bound by personality, but they follow the truth, and are able to recognize it no matter from whence it may come. It is this same truth which helps humanity to progress, which gives life to all created beings, for it is the Tree of Life! 129
In His teaching Bahá'u'lláh gives us the explanation of truth, and I wish to speak to you briefly about this, for I see that you are capable of understanding.

I. -- The first principle of Bahá'u'lláh is:

The Search for Truth

Man must cut himself free from all prejudice and from the result of his own imagination, so that he may be able to search for truth unhindered. Truth is one in all religions, and by means of it the unity of the world can be realized.
All the peoples have a fundamental belief in common. Being one, truth cannot be divided, and the differences that appear to exist among the nations only result from their attachment to prejudice. If only men would search out truth, they would find themselves united.

II. -- The second principle of Bahá'u'lláh is:

The Unity of Mankind

The one all-loving God bestows His divine Grace and Favour on all mankind; one and all are servants of the Most High, and His Goodness, Mercy and loving Kindness are showered upon all His creatures. The glory of humanity is the heritage of each one.
All men are the leaves and fruit of one same tree, they are all branches of the tree of Adam, they all have the same origin. The same rain has fallen upon them all, the same warm sun makes them grow, they are all refreshed by the same breeze. The only differences that exist and that keep them apart are these: there are thechildren who need guidance, the ignorant to be instructed, the sick to be tended and healed; thus, I say that the whole of humanity is enveloped by the Mercy and Grace of God. As the Holy Writings tell us: All men are equal before God. He is no respecter of persons.

III. -- The third principle of Bahá'u'lláh is:

Religion should be the Cause of Love and Affection

Religion should unite all hearts and cause wars and disputes to vanish from the face of the earth, give birth to spirituality, and bring life and light to each heart. If religion becomes a cause of dislike, hatred and division, it were better to be without it, and to withdraw from such a religion would be a truly religious act. For it is clear that the purpose of a remedy is to cure; but if the remedy should only aggravate the complaint it had better be left alone. Any religion which is not a cause of love and unity is no religion. All the holy prophets were as doctors to the soul; they gave prescriptions for the healing of mankind; thus any remedy that causes disease does not come from the great and supreme Physician.

IV. -- The fourth principle of Bahá'u'lláh is:

The Unity of Religion and Science

We may think of science as one wing and religion as the other; a bird needs two wings for flight, one alone would be useless. Any religion that contradicts science 131 or that is opposed to it, is only ignorance -- for ignorance is the opposite of knowledge.
Religion which consists only of rites and ceremonies of prejudice is not the truth. Let us earnestly endeavour to be the means of uniting religion and science.
Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad, said: 'That which is in conformity with science is also in conformity with religion'. Whatever the intelligence of man cannot understand, religion ought not to accept. Religion and science walk hand in hand, and any religion contrary to science is not the truth.

V. -- The fifth principle of Bahá'u'lláh is:

Prejudices of Religion, Race or Sect destroy
the foundation of Humanity

All the divisions in the world, hatred, war and bloodshed, are caused by one or other of these prejudices.
The whole world must be looked upon as one single country, all the nations as one nation, all men as belonging to one race. Religions, races, and nations are all divisions of man's making only, and are necessary only in his thought; before God there are neither Persians, Arabs, French nor English; God is God for all, and to Him all creation is one. We must obey God, and strive to follow Him by leaving all our prejudices and bringing about peace on earth.

VI. -- The sixth principle of Bahá'u'lláh is:

Equal opportunity of the means of Existence

Every human being has the right to live; they have a 132 right to rest, and to a certain amount of well-being. As a rich man is able to live in his palace surrounded by luxury and the greatest comfort, so should a poor man be able to have the necessaries of life. Nobody should die of hunger; everybody should have sufficient clothing; one man should not live in excess while another has no possible means of existence.
Let us try with all the strength we have to bring about happier conditions, so that no single soul may be destitute.

VII. -- The seventh principle of Bahá'u'lláh is:

The Equality of Men -- equality before the Law

The Law must reign, and not the individual; thus will the world become a place of beauty and true brotherhood will be realized. Having attained solidarity, men will have found truth.

VIII. -- The eighth principle of Bahá'u'lláh is:

Universal Peace

A Supreme Tribunal shall be elected by the peoples and governments of every nation, where members from each country and government shall assemble in unity. All disputes shall be brought before this Court, its mission being to prevent war.

IX. -- The ninth principle of Bahá'u'lláh is:

That Religion should not concern itself with Political
Questions

Religion is concerned with things of the spirit, politics with things of the world. Religion has to work with the world of thought, whilst the field of politics lies with the world of external conditions.
It is the work of the clergy to educate the people, to instruct them, to give them good advice and teaching so that they may progress spiritually. With political questions they have nothing to do.

X. -- The tenth principle of Bahá'u'lláh is:

Education and Instruction of Women

Women have equal rights with men upon earth; in religion and society they are a very important element. As long as women are prevented from attaining their highest possibilities, so long will men be unable to achieve the greatness which might be theirs. XI. -- The eleventh principle of Bahá'u'lláh is: The Power of the Holy Spirit, by which alone Spiritual
Development is achieved
It is only by the breath of the Holy Spirit that spiritual development can come about. No matter how the material world may progress, no matter how splendidly it may adorn itself, it can never be anything but a lifeless body unless the soul is within, for it is the soul that animates the body; the body alone has no real significance. Deprived of the blessings of the Holy Spirit the material body would be inert.
Here are, very briefly explained, some of the principles of Bahá'u'lláh.
In short, it behoves us all to be lovers of truth. Let us seek her in every season and in every country, being careful never to attach ourselves to personalities. Let us see the light wherever it shines, and may we be enabled to recognize the light of truth no matter where it may arise. Let us inhale the perfume of the rose from the midst of thorns which surround it; let us drink the running water from every pure spring.
Since I arrived in Paris, it has given me much pleasure to meet such Parisians as you are, for praise be to God, you are intelligent, unprejudiced, and you long to know the truth. You have in your hearts the love of humanity, and as far as you are able, you exert yourselves in the cause of charitable work and in the bringing about of unity; this is especially what Bahá'u'lláh desired.
It is for this reason that I am so happy to be among you, and I pray for you, that you may be receptacles for the Blessings of God, and that you may be the means of spreading spirituality throughout this country.
You already have a wonderful material civilization and in like manner shall spiritual civilization be yours.
Monsieur Bleck thanked 'Abdu'l-Bahá, and he replied:

I am very grateful to you for the kind sentiments which you have just uttered. I hope that these two movements will ere long be spread all over the earth. Then will the unity of humanity have pitched its tent in the centre of the world.'

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THE FIRST PRINCIPLE

SEARCH AFTER TRUTH
4 Avenue de Camoens, Paris
November 10th

The first principle of the Teaching of Bahá'u'lláh is:

The Search after Truth
If a man would succeed in his search after truth, he must, in the first place, shut his eyes to all the traditional superstitions of the past.
The Jews have traditional superstitions, the Buddhists and the Zoroastrians are not free from them, neither are the Christians! All religions have gradually become bound by tradition and dogma.
All consider themselves, respectively, the only guardians of the truth, and that every other religion is composed of errors. They themselves are right, all others are wrong! The Jews believe that they are the only possessors of the truth and condemn all other religions. The Christians affirm that their religion is the only true one, that all others are false. Likewise the Buddhists and Muhammadans; all limit themselves. If all condemn one another, where shall we search for truth? All contradicting one another, all cannot be true. If each believe his particular religion to be the only true one, he blinds his eyes to the truth in the others. If, for instance, a Jew is bound by the external practice of the religion of Israel, he does not permit himself to perceive that truth can exist in any other religion; it must be all contained in his own! 136
We should, therefore, detach ourselves from the external forms and practices of religion. We must realize that these forms and practices, however beautiful, are but garments clothing the warm heart and the living limbs of Divine truth. We must abandon the prejudices of tradition if we would succeed in finding the truth at the core of all religions. If a Zoroastrian believes that the Sun is God, how can he be united to other religions? While idolaters believe in their various idols, how can they understand the oneness of God?
It is, therefore, clear that in order to make any progress in the search after truth we must relinquish superstition. If all seekers would follow this principle they would obtain a clear vision of the truth.
If five people meet together to seek for truth, they must begin by cutting themselves free from all their own special conditions and renouncing all preconceived ideas. In order to find truth we must give up our prejudices, our own small trivial notions; an open receptive mind is essential. If our chalice is full of self, there is no room in it for the water of life. The fact that we imagine ourselves to be right and everybody else wrong is the greatest of all obstacles in the path towards unity, and unity is necessary if we would reach truth, for truth is one.
Therefore it is imperative that we should renounce our own particular prejudices and superstitions if we earnestly desire to seek the truth. Unless we make a distinction in our minds between dogma, superstition and prejudice on the one hand, and truth on the other, we cannot succeed. When we are in earnest in our 137 search for anything we look for it everywhere. This principle we must carry out in our search for truth.
Science must be accepted. No one truth can contradict another truth. Light is good in whatsoever lamp it is burning! A rose is beautiful in whatsoever garden it may bloom! A star has the same radiance if it shines from the East or from the West. Be free from prejudice, so will you love the Sun of Truth from whatsoever point in the horizon it may arise! You will realize that if the Divine light of truth shone in Jesus Christ it also shone in Moses and in Buddha. The earnest seeker will arrive at this truth. This is what is meant by the 'Search after Truth'.
It means, also, that we must be willing to clear away all that we have previously learned, all that would clog our steps on the way to truth; we must not shrink if necessary from beginning our education all over again. We must not allow our love for any one religion or any one personality to so blind our eyes that we become fettered by superstition! When we are freed from all these bonds, seeking with liberated minds, then shall we be able to arrive at our goal.
'Seek the truth, the truth shall make you free.' So shall we see the truth in all religions, for truth is in all and truth is one!

THE SECOND PRINCIPLE -- THE UNITY OF MANKIND
November 11th
I spoke yesterday of the first principle of the Teaching of Bahá'u'lláh, 'The Search for Truth'; how it is necessary for a man to put aside all in the nature of superstition, and every tradition which would blind his eyes to the existence of truth in all religions. He must not, while loving and clinging to one form of religion, permit himself to detest all others. It is essential that he search for truth in all religions, and, if his seeking be in earnest, he will assuredly succeed.
Now the first discovery which we make in our 'Search after Truth', will lead us to the second principle, which is the 'Unity of Mankind'. All men are servants of the One God. One God reigns over all the nations of the world and has pleasure in all His children. All men are of one family; the crown of humanity rests on the head of every human being.
In the eyes of the Creator all His children are equal; His goodness is poured forth on all. He does not favour this nation nor that nation, all alike are His creatures. This being so, why should we make divisions, separating one race from another? Why should we create barriers of superstition and tradition bringing discord and hatred among the people?
The only difference between members of the human family is that of degree. Some are like children who are ignorant, and must be educated until they arrive at maturity. Some are like the sick and must be treated with tenderness and care. None are bad or evil! We must not be repelled by these poor children. We must treat them with great kindness, teaching the ignorant and tenderly nursing the sick.
Consider: Unity is necessary to existence. Love is the very cause of life; on the other hand, separation brings death. In the world of material creation, for instance, all things owe their actual life to unity. The elements which compose wood, mineral, or stone, are held together by the law of attraction. If this law should cease for one moment to operate these elements would not hold together, they would fall apart, and the object would in that particular form cease to exist. The law of attraction has brought together certain elements in the form of this beautiful flower, but when that attraction is withdrawn from this centre the flower will decompose, and, as a flower, cease to exist.
So it is with the great body of humanity. The wonderful Law of Attraction, Harmony and Unity, holds together this marvellous Creation.
As with the whole, so with the parts; whether a flower or a human body, when the attracting principle is withdrawn from it, the flower or the man dies. It is therefore clear that attraction, harmony, unity and Love, are the cause of life, whereas repulsion, discord, hatred and separation bring death.
We have seen that whatever brings division into the world of existence causes death. Likewise in the world of the spirit does the same law operate.
Therefore should every servant of the One God be obedient to the law of love, avoiding all hatred, 140 discord, and strife. We find when we observe nature, that the gentler animals group themselves together into flocks and herds, whereas the savage, ferocious creatures, such as the lion, the tiger, and the wolf, live in wild forests, apart from civilization. Two wolves, or two lions, may live amicably together; but a thousand lambs may share the same fold and a large number of deer can form one herd. Two eagles can dwell in the same place, but a thousand doves can gather into one habitation.
Man should, at least, be numbered among the gentler animals; but when he becomes ferocious he is more cruel and malicious than the most savage of the animal creation!
Now Bahá'u'lláh has proclaimed the 'Unity of the World of Mankind'. All peoples and nations are of one family, the children of one Father, and should be to one another as brothers and sisters! I hope that you will endeavour in your lives to show forth and spread this teaching.
Bahá'u'lláh said that we should love even our enemies and be to them as friends. If all men were obedient to this principle, the greatest unity and understanding would be established in the hearts of mankind.
THIRD PRINCIPLE
['That religion ought to be a Cause of Love and Affection' is much emphasized in many of the Discourses of which the Notes are given in this book, as well as in the explanation of several of the other Principles.]
FOURTH PRINCIPLE --

THE ACCEPTANCE OF THE
RELATION BETWEEN RELIGION AND SCIENCE

4 Avenue de Camoens, Paris,
November 12th
'Abdu'l-Bahá said:
I have spoken to you of some of the principles of Bahá'u'lláh: The Search after Truth and The Unity of Mankind. I will now explain the Fourth Principle, which is The Acceptance of the Relation between Religion and Science.

There is no contradiction between true religion and science. When a religion is opposed to science it becomes mere superstition: that which is contrary to knowledge is ignorance.
How can a man believe to be a fact that which science has proved to be impossible? If he believes in spite of his reason, it is rather ignorant superstition than faith. The true principles of all religions are in conformity with the teachings of science.
The Unity of God is logical, and this idea is not antagonistic to the conclusions arrived at by scientific study.
All religions teach that we must do good, that we must be generous, sincere, truthful, law-abiding, and faithful; all this is reasonable, and logically the only way in which humanity can progress.
All religious laws conform to reason, and are suited 142 to the people for whom they are framed, and for the age in which they are to be obeyed.
Religion has two main parts:
(1) The Spiritual.
(2) The Practical.
The spiritual part never changes. All the Manifestations of God and His Prophets have taught the same truths and given the same spiritual law. They all teach the one code of morality. There is no division in the truth. The Sun has sent forth many rays to illumine human intelligence, the light is always the same.
The practical part of religion deals with exterior forms and ceremonies, and with modes of punishment for certain offences. This is the material side of the law, and guides the customs and manners of the people.
In the time of Moses, there were ten crimes punishable by death. When Christ came this was changed; the old axiom 'an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth' was converted into 'Love your enemies, do good to them that hate you', the stern old law being changed into one of love, mercy and forbearance!
In the former days the punishment for theft was the cutting off of the right hand; in our time this law could not be so applied. In this age, a man who curses his father is allowed to live, when formerly he would have been put to death. It is therefore evident that whilst the spiritual law never alters, the practical rules must change their application with the necessities of the time. The spiritual aspect of religion is the greater, the more important of the two, and this is the same for all time, it never changes! It is the same, yesterday, today, and 143 for ever! 'As it was the beginning, is now, and ever shall be.'
Now, all questions of morality contained in the spiritual, immutable law of every religion are logically right. If religion were contrary to logical reason then it would cease to be a religion and be merely a tradition. Religion and science are the two wings upon which man's intelligence can soar into the heights, with which the human soul can progress. It is not possible to fly with one wing alone! Should a man try to fly with the wing of religion alone he would quickly fall into the quagmire of superstition, whilst on the other hand, with the wing of science alone he would also make no progress, but fall into the despairing slough of materialism. All religions of the present day have fallen into superstitious practices, out of harmony alike with the true principles of the teaching they represent and with the scientific discoveries of the time. Many religious leaders have grown to think that the importance of religion lies mainly in the adherence to a collection of certain dogmas and the practice of rites and ceremonies! Those whose souls they profess to cure are taught to believe likewise, and these cling tenaciously to the outward forms, confusing them with the inward truth.
Now, these forms and rituals differ in the various churches and amongst the different sects, and even contradict one another; giving rise to discord, hatred, and disunion. The outcome of all this dissension is the belief of many cultured men that religion and science are contradictory terms, that religion needs no powers 144 of reflection, and should in no wise be regulated by science, but must of necessity be opposed, the one to the other. The unfortunate effect of this is that science has drifted apart from religion, and religion has become a mere blind and more or less apathetic following of the precepts of certain religious teachers, who insist on their own favourite dogmas being accepted even when they are contrary to science. This is foolishness, for it is quite evident that science is the light, and, being so, religion truly so-called does not oppose knowledge.
We are familiar with the phrases 'Light and Darkness', 'Religion and Science'. But the religion which does not walk hand in hand with science is itself in the darkness of superstition and ignorance.
Much of the discord and disunion of the world is created by these man-made oppositions and contradictions. If religion were in harmony with science and they walked together, much of the hatred and bitterness now bringing misery to the human race would be at an end.
Consider what it is that singles man out from among created beings, and makes of him a creature apart. Is it not his reasoning power, his intelligence? Shall he not make use of these in his study of religion? I say unto you: weigh carefully in the balance of reason and science everything that is presented to you as religion. If it passes this test, then accept it, for it is truth! If, however, it does not so conform, then reject it, for it is ignorance!
Look around and see how the world of today is 145 drowned in superstition and outward forms!
Some worship the product of their own imagination: they make for themselves an imaginary God and adore this, when the creation of their finite minds cannot be the Infinite Mighty Maker of all things visible and invisible! Others worship the sun or trees, also stones! In past ages there were those who adored the sea, the clouds, and even clay!
Today, men have grown into such adoring attachment to outward forms and ceremonies that they dispute over this point of ritual or that particular practice, until one hears on all sides of wearisome arguments and unrest. There are individuals who have weak intellects and their powers of reasoning have not developed, but the strength and power of religion must not be doubted because of the incapacity of these persons to understand.
A small child cannot comprehend the laws that govern nature, but this is on account of the immature intellect of that child; when he is grown older and has been educated he too will understand the everlasting truths. A child does not grasp the fact that the earth revolves round the sun, but, when his intelligence is awakened, the fact is clear and plain to him.
It is impossible for religion to be contrary to science, even though some intellects are too weak or too immature to understand truth.
God made religion and science to be the measure, as it were, of our understanding. Take heed that you neglect not such a wonderful power. Weigh all things in this balance. 146
To him who has the power of comprehension religion is like an open book, but how can it be possible for a man devoid of reason and intellectuality to understand the Divine Realities of God?
Put all your beliefs into harmony with science; there can be no opposition, for truth is one. When religion, shorn of its superstitions, traditions, and unintelligent dogmas, shows its conformity with science, then will there be a great unifying, cleansing force in the world which will sweep before it all wars, disagreements, discords and struggles -- and then will mankind be united in the power of the Love of God.

THE FIFTH PRINCIPLE

THE ABOLITION OF PREJUDICES
4 Avenue de Camoens, Paris,
November 13th
All prejudices, whether of religion, race, politics or nation, must be renounced, for these prejudices have caused the world's sickness. It is a grave malady which, unless arrested, is capable of causing the destruction of the whole human race. Every ruinous war, with its terrible bloodshed and misery, has been caused by one or other of these prejudices.
The deplorable wars going on in these days are caused by the fanatical religious hatred of one people for another, or the prejudices of race or colour. 147
Until all these barriers erected by prejudice are swept away, it is not possible for humanity to be at peace. For this reason Bahá'u'lláh has said, 'These Prejudices are destructive to mankind'.
Contemplate first the prejudice of religion: consider the nations of so-called religious people; if they were truly worshippers of God they would obey His law which forbids them to kill one another.
If priests of religion really adored the God of love and served the Divine Light, they would teach their people to keep the chief Commandment, 'To be in love and charity with all men'. But we find the contrary, for it is often the priests who encourage nations to fight. Religious hatred is ever the most cruel!
All religions teach that we should love one another; that we should seek out our own shortcomings before we presume to condemn the faults of others, that we must not consider ourselves superior to our neighbours! We must be careful not to exalt ourselves lest we be humiliated.
Who are we that we should judge? How shall we know who, in the sight of God, is the most upright man? God's thoughts are not like our thoughts! How many men who have seemed saint-like to their friends have fallen into the greatest humiliation. Think of Judas Iscariot; he began well, but remember his end! On the other hand, Paul, the Apostle, was in his early life an enemy of Christ, whilst later he became His most faithful servant. How then can we flatter ourselves and despise others?
Let us therefore be humble, without prejudices, 148 preferring others' good to our own! Let us never say, 'I am a believer but he is an infidel', 'I am near to God, whilst he is an outcast'. We can never know what will be the final judgment! Therefore let us help all who are in need of any kind of assistance.
Let us teach the ignorant, and take care of the young child until he grows to maturity. When we find a person fallen into the depths of misery or sin we must be kind to him, take him by the hand, help him to regain his footing, his strength; we must guide him with love and tenderness, treat him as a friend not as an enemy.
We have no right to look upon any of our fellow-mortals as evil.
Concerning the prejudice of race: it is an illusion, a superstition pure and simple! For God created us all of one race. There were no differences in the beginning, for we are all descendants of Adam. In the beginning, also, there were no limits and boundaries between the different lands; no part of the earth belonged more to one people than to another. In the sight of God there is no difference between the various races. Why should man invent such a prejudice? How can we uphold war caused by an illusion?
God has not created men that they should destroy one another. All races, tribes, sects and classes share equally in the Bounty of their Heavenly Father.
The only difference lies in the degree of faithfulness, of obedience to the laws of God. There are some who are as lighted torches, there are others who shine as stars in the sky of humanity. The lovers of mankind, 149 these are the superior men, of whatever nation, creed, or colour they may be. For it is they to whom God will say these blessed words, 'Well done, My good and faithful servants'. In that day He will not ask, 'Are you English, French, or perhaps Persian? Do you come from the East, or from the West?'
The only division that is real is this: There are heavenly men and earthly men; self-sacrificing servants of humanity in the love of the Most High, bringing harmony and unity, teaching peace and goodwill to men. On the other hand there are those selfish men, haters of their brethren, in whose hearts prejudice has replaced loving kindness, and whose influence breeds discord and strife.
To which race or to which colour belong these two divisions of men, to the White, to the Yellow, to the Black, to the East or to the West, to the North or to the South? If these are God's divisions, why should we invent others? Political prejudice is equally mischievous, it is one of the greatest causes of bitter strife amongst the children of men. There are people who find pleasure in breeding discord, who constantly endeavour to goad their country into making war upon other nations -- and why? They think to advantage their own country to the detriment of all others. They send armies to harass and destroy the land, in order to become famous in the world, for the joy of conquest. That it may be said: 'Such a country has defeated another, and brought it under the yoke of their stronger, more superior rule'. This victory, bought at the price of much bloodshed, is not lasting! The conqueror 150 shall one day be conquered; and the vanquished ones victorious! Remember the history of the past: did not France conquer Germany more than once -- then did not the German nation overcome France?
We learn also that France conquered England; then was the English nation victorious over France!
These glorious conquests are so ephemeral! Why attach so great importance to them and to their fame, as to be willing to shed the blood of the people for their attainment? Is any victory worth the inevitable train of evils consequent upon human slaughter, the grief and sorrow and ruin which must overwhelm so many homes of both nations? For it is not possible that one country alone should suffer.
Oh! why will man, the disobedient child of God, who should be an example of the power of the spiritual law, turn his face away from the Divine Teaching and put all his effort into destruction and war?
My hope is that in this enlightened century the Divine Light of love will shed its radiance over the whole world, seeking out the responsive heart's intelligence of every human being; that the light of the Sun of Truth will lead politicians to shake off all the claims of prejudice and superstition, and with freed minds to follow the Policy of God: for Divine Politics are mighty, man's politics are feeble! God has created all the world, and bestows His Divine Bounty upon every creature.
Are we not the servants of God? Shall we neglect to follow our Master's Example, and ignore His Commands? 151
I pray that the Kingdom shall come on Earth, and that all darkness shall be driven away by the effulgence of the Heavenly Sun.

THE SIXTH PRINCIPLE -- MEANS OF EXISTENCE
4 Avenue de Camoens, Paris
One of the most important principles of the Teaching of Bahá'u'lláh is:
The right of every human being to the daily bread whereby they exist, or the equalization of the means of livelihood.
The arrangements of the circumstances of the people must be such that poverty shall disappear, that everyone, as far as possible, according to his rank and position, shall share in comfort and well-being.
We see amongst us men who are overburdened with riches on the one hand, and on the other those unfortunate ones who starve with nothing; those who possess several stately palaces, and those who have not where to lay their head. Some we find with numerous courses of costly and dainty food; whilst others can scarce find sufficient crusts to keep them alive. Whilst some are clothed in velvets, furs and fine linen, others have insufficient, poor and thin garments with which to protect them from the cold.
This condition of affairs is wrong, and must be remedied. Now the remedy must be carefully undertaken. It cannot be done by bringing to pass absolute equality between men. 152
Equality is a chimera! It is entirely impracticable! Even if equality could be achieved it could not continue -- and if its existence were possible, the whole order of the world would be destroyed. The law of order must always obtain in the world of humanity. Heaven has so decreed in the creation of man.
Some are full of intelligence, others have an ordinary amount of it, and others again are devoid of intellect. In these three classes of men there is order but not equality. How could it be possible that wisdom and stupidity should be equal? Humanity, like a great army, requires a general, captains, under-officers in their degree, and soldiers, each with their own appointed duties. Degrees are absolutely necessary to ensure an orderly organization. An army could not be composed of generals alone, or of captains only, or of nothing but soldiers without one in authority. The certain result of such a plan would be that disorder and demoralization would overtake the whole army.
King Lycurgus, the philosopher, made a great plan to equalize the subjects of Sparta; with self-sacrifice and wisdom was the experiment begun. Then the king called the people of his kingdom, and made them swear a great oath to maintain the same order of government if he should leave the country, also that nothing should make them alter it until his return. Having secured this oath, he left his kingdom of Sparta and never returned. Lycurgus abandoned the situation, renouncing his high position, thinking to achieve the permanent good of his country by the equalization of the property and of the conditions of life in his kingdom. 153 All the self-sacrifice of the king was in vain. The great experiment failed. After a time all was destroyed; his carefully thought-out constitution came to an end.
The futility of attempting such a scheme was shown and the impossibility of attaining equal conditions of existence was proclaimed in the ancient kingdom of Sparta. In our day any such attempt would be equally doomed to failure.
Certainly, some being enormously rich and others lamentably poor, an organization is necessary to control and improve this state of affairs. It is important to limit riches, as it is also of importance to limit poverty. Either extreme is not good. To be seated in the mean [1] is most desirable. If it be right for a capitalist to possess a large fortune, it is equally just that his workman should have a sufficient means of existence.[1 'Give me neither poverty nor riches.' -- Prov. xxx., 8.]
A financier with colossal wealth should not exist whilst near him is a poor man in dire necessity. When we see poverty allowed to reach a condition of starvation it is a sure sign that somewhere we shall find tyranny. Men must bestir themselves in this matter, and no longer delay in altering conditions which bring the misery of grinding poverty to a very large number of the people. The rich must give of their abundance, they must soften their hearts and cultivate a compassionate intelligence, taking thought for those sad ones who are suffering from lack of the very necessities of life.
There must be special laws made, dealing with these extremes of riches and of want. The members of the 154 Government should consider the laws of God when they are framing plans for the ruling of the people. The general rights of mankind must be guarded and preserved.
The government of the countries should conform to the Divine Law which gives equal justice to all. This is the only way in which the deplorable superfluity of great wealth and miserable, demoralizing, degrading poverty can be abolished. Not until this is done will the Law of God be obeyed.

SEVENTH PRINCIPLE -- EQUALITY OF MEN

'The Laws of God are not imposition of will, or of power, or pleasure, but the resolutions of truth, reason and justice.'
All men are equal before the law, which must reign absolutely.
The object of punishment is not vengeance, but the prevention of crime.
Kings must rule with wisdom and justice; prince, peer and peasant alike have equal rights to just treatment, there must be no favour shown to individuals. A judge must be no 'respecter of persons', but administer the law with strict impartiality in every case brought before him.
If a person commit a crime against you, you have not the right to forgive him; but the law must punish him in order to prevent a repetition of that same crime by others, as the pain of the individual is unimportant beside the general welfare of the people. 155
When perfect justice reigns in every country of the Eastern and Western World, then will the earth become a place of beauty. The dignity and equality of every servant of God will be acknowledged; the ideal of the solidarity of the human race, the true brotherhood of man, will be realized; and the glorious light of the Sun of Truth will illumine the souls of all men.
THE EIGHTH PRINCIPLE
UNIVERSAL PEACE
4 Avenue de Camoens, Paris
A Supreme Tribunal shall be established by the peoples and Governments of every nation, composed of members elected from each country and Government. The members of this Great Council shall assemble in unity. All disputes of an international character shall be submitted to this Court, its work being to arrange by arbitration everything which otherwise would be a cause of war. The mission of this Tribunal would be to prevent war.
One of the great steps towards universal peace would be the establishment of a universal language. Bahá'u'lláh commands that the servants of humanity should meet together, and either choose a language which now exists, or form a new one. This was revealed in the Kitáb-i-Aqdas forty years ago. It is there pointed out that the question of diversity of tongues is a very difficult one. There are more than eight 156 hundred languages in the world, and no person could acquire them all.
The races of mankind are not isolated as in former days. Now, in order to be in close relationship with all countries it is necessary to be able to speak their tongues.
A universal language would make intercourse possible with every nation. Thus it would be needful to know two languages only, the mother tongue and the universal speech. The latter would enable a man to communicate with any and every man in the world!
A third language would not be needed. To be able to talk with a member of any race and country without requiring an interpreter, how helpful and restful to all!
Esperanto has been drawn up with this end in view: it is a fine invention and a splendid piece of work, but it needs perfecting. Esperanto as it stands is very difficult for some people.
An international Congress should be formed, consisting of delegates from every nation in the world, Eastern as well as Western. This Congress should form a language that could be acquired by all, and every country would thereby reap great benefit.
Until such a language is in use, the world will continue to feel the vast need of this means of intercourse. Difference of speech is one of the most fruitful causes of dislike and distrust that exists between nations, which are kept apart by their inability to understand each other's language more than by any other reason.
If everybody could speak one language, how much more easy would it be to serve humanity! 157
Therefore appreciate 'Esperanto', for it is the beginning of the carrying out of one of the most important of the Laws of Bahá'u'lláh, and it must continue to be improved and perfected.

NINTH PRINCIPLE
THE NON-INTERFERENCE OF RELIGION WITH
POLITICS

4 Avenue de Camoens, Paris,
November 17th
In the conduct of life, man is actuated by two main motives: 'The Hope for Reward' and 'The Fear of Punishment'.
This hope and this fear must consequently be greatly taken into account by those in authority who have important posts under Government. Their business in life is to consult together for the framing of laws, and to provide for their just administration.
The tent of the order of the world is raised and established on the two pillars of 'Reward and Retribution'.
In despotic Governments carried on by men without Divine faith, where no fear of spiritual retribution exists, the execution of the laws is tyrannical and unjust.
There is no greater prevention of oppression than these two sentiments, hope and fear. They have both political and spiritual consequences.
If administrators of the law would take into consideration the spiritual consequences of their decisions, and follow the guidance of religion, 'They would be Divine agents in the world of action, the representatives of God for those who are on earth, and they would defend, for the love of God, the interests of His servants as they would defend their own'. If a governor realizes his responsibility, and fears to defy the Divine Law, his judgments will be just. Above all, if he believes that the consequences of his actions will follow him beyond his earthly life, and that 'as he sows so must he reap', such a man will surely avoid injustice and tyranny.
Should an official, on the contrary, think that all responsibility for his actions must end with his earthly life, knowing and believing nothing of Divine favours and a spiritual kingdom of joy, he will lack the incentive to just dealing, and the inspiration to destroy oppression and unrighteousness.
When a ruler knows that his judgments will be weighed in a balance by the Divine Judge, and that if he be not found wanting he will come into the Celestial Kingdom and that the light of the Heavenly Bounty will shine upon him, then will he surely act with justice and equity. Behold how important it is that Ministers of State should be enlightened by religion!
With political questions the clergy, however, have nothing to do! Religious matters should not be confused with politics in the present state of the world (for their interests are not identical).
Religion concerns matters of the heart, of the spirit, and of morals.

Politics are occupied with the material things of life. Religious teachers should not invade the realm of politics; they should concern themselves with the spiritual education of the people; they should ever give good counsel to men, trying to serve God and human kind; they should endeavour to awaken spiritual aspiration, and strive to enlarge the understanding and knowledge of humanity, to improve morals, and to increase the love for justice.
This is in accordance with the Teaching of Bahá'u'lláh. In the Gospel also it is written, 'Render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's, and unto God the things which are God's'.
In Persia there are some amongst the important Ministers of State who are religious, who are exemplary, who worship God, and who fear to disobey His Laws, who judge justly and rule their people with Equity. Other Governors there are in this land who have no fear of God before their eyes, who think not of the consequences of their actions, working for their own desires, and these have brought Persia into great trouble and difficulty.
Oh, friends of God, be living examples of justice! So that by the Mercy of God, the world may see in your actions that you manifest the attributes of justice and mercy.
Justice is not limited, it is a universal quality. Its operation must be carried out in all classes, from the highest to the lowest. Justice must be sacred, and the rights of all the people must be considered. Desire for others only that which you desire for yourselves. Then shall we rejoice in the Sun of Justice, which shines from the Horizon of God.
Each man has been placed in a post of honour, which he must not desert. A humble workman who commits an injustice is as much to blame as a renowned tyrant. Thus we all have our choice between justice and injustice.
I hope that each one of you will become just, and direct your thoughts towards the unity of mankind; that you will never harm your neighbours nor speak ill of any one; that you will respect the rights of all men, and be more concerned for the interests of others than for your own. Thus will you become torches of Divine justice, acting in accordance with the Teaching of Bahá'u'lláh, who, during His life, bore innumerable trials and persecutions in order to show forth to the world of mankind the virtues of the World of Divinity, making it possible for you to realize the supremacy of the spirit, and to rejoice in the Justice of God.
By His Mercy, the Divine Bounty will be showered upon you, and for this I pray!

THE TENTH PRINCIPLE -- EQUALITY OF SEX
4 Avenue de Camoens, Paris,
November 14th
The Tenth Principle of the teaching of Bahá'u'lláh is the equality of the sexes.
God has created all creatures in couples. Man, beast, or vegetable, all the things of these three kingdoms 161 are of two sexes, and there is absolute equality between them.
In the vegetable world there are male plants and female plants; they have equal rights, and possess an equal share of the beauty of their species; though indeed the tree that bears fruit might be said to be superior to that which is unfruitful.
In the animal kingdom we see that the male and the female have equal rights; and that they each share the advantages of their kind.
Now in the two lower kingdoms of nature we have seen that there is no question of the superiority of one sex over the other. In the world of humanity we find a great difference; the female sex is treated as though inferior, and is not allowed equal rights and privileges. This condition is due not to nature, but to education. In the Divine Creation there is no such distinction. Neither sex is superior to the other in the sight of God. Why then should one sex assert the inferiority of the other, withholding just rights and privileges as though God had given His authority for such a course of action? If women received the same educational advantages as those of men, the result would demonstrate the equality of capacity of both for scholarship.
In some respects woman is superior to man. She is more tender-hearted, more receptive, her intuition is more intense.
It is not to be denied that in various directions woman at present is more backward than man, also that this temporary inferiority is due to the lack of educational opportunity. In the necessity of life, woman is more 162 instinct with power than man, for to her he owes his very existence.
If the mother is educated then her children will be well taught. When the mother is wise, then will the children be led into the path of wisdom. If the mother be religious she will show her children how they should love God. If the mother is moral she guides her little ones into the ways of uprightness.
It is clear therefore that the future generation depends on the mothers of today. Is not this a vital responsibility for the woman? Does she not require every possible advantage to equip her for such a task?
Therefore, surely, God is not pleased that so important an instrument as woman should suffer from want of training in order to attain the perfections desirable and necessary for her great life's work! Divine Justice demands that the rights of both sexes should be equally respected since neither is superior to the other in the eyes of Heaven. Dignity before God depends, not on sex, but on purity and luminosity of heart. Human virtues belong equally to all!
Woman must endeavour then to attain greater perfection, to be man's equal in every respect, to make progress in all in which she has been backward, so that man will be compelled to acknowledge her equality of capacity and attainment.
In Europe women have made greater progress than in the East, but there is still much to be done! When students have arrived at the end of their school term an examination takes place, and the result thereof determines the knowledge and capacity of each student. 163 So will it be with woman; her actions will show her power, there will no longer be any need to proclaim it by words.
It is my hope that women of the East, as well as their Western sisters, will progress rapidly until humanity shall reach perfection.
God's Bounty is for all and gives power for all progress. When men own the equality of women there will be no need for them to struggle for their rights! One of the principles then of Bahá'u'lláh is the equality of sex.
Women must make the greatest effort to acquire spiritual power and to increase in the virtue of wisdom and holiness until their enlightenment and striving succeeds in bringing about the unity of mankind. They must work with a burning enthusiasm to spread the Teaching of Bahá'u'lláh among the peoples, so that the radiant light of the Divine Bounty may envelop the souls of all the nations of the world!

THE ELEVENTH PRINCIPLE

THE POWER OF THE HOLY SPIRIT

4 Avenue de Camoens, Paris,
November 18th

In the teaching of Bahá'u'lláh, it is written: 'By the Power of the Holy Spirit alone is man able to progress, for the power of man is limited and the Divine Power is boundless.' The reading of history 164 brings us to the conclusion that all truly great men, the benefactors of the human race, those who have moved men to love the right and hate the wrong and who have caused real progress, all these have been inspired by the force of the Holy Spirit.
The Prophets of God have not all graduated in the schools of learned philosophy; indeed they were often men of humble birth, to all appearance ignorant, unknown men of no importance in the eyes of the world; sometimes even lacking the knowledge of reading and writing.
That which raised these great ones above men, and by which they were able to become Teachers of the truth, was the power of the Holy Spirit. Their influence on humanity, by virtue of this mighty inspiration, was great and penetrating.
The influence of the wisest philosophers, without this Spirit Divine, has been comparatively unimportant, however extensive their learning and deep their scholarship.
The unusual intellects, for instance, of Plato, Aristotle, Pliny and Socrates, have not influenced men so greatly that they have been anxious to sacrifice their lives for their teachings; whilst some of those simple men so moved humanity that thousands of men have become willing martyrs to uphold their words; for these words were inspired by the Divine Spirit of God! The prophets of Judah and Israel, Elijah, Jeremiah, Isaiah and Ezekiel, were humble men, as were also the apostles of Jesus Christ.
Peter, the chief of the apostles, used to divide the 165 proceeds of his fishing into seven parts, and when, having taken one part for each day's use, he arrived at the seventh portion, he knew it was the Sabbath day. Consider this! and then think of his future position; to what glory he attained because the Holy Spirit wrought great works through him.
We understand that the Holy Spirit is the energizing factor in the life of man. Whosoever receives this power is able to influence all with whom he comes into contact.
The greatest philosophers without this Spirit are powerless, their souls lifeless, their hearts dead! Unless the Holy Spirit breathes into their souls, they can do no good work. No system of philosophy has ever been able to change the manners and customs of a people for the better. Learned philosophers, unenlightened by the Divine Spirit, have often been men of inferior morality; they have not proclaimed in their actions the reality of their beautiful phrases.
The difference between spiritual philosophers and others is shown by their lives. The Spiritual Teacher shows His belief in His own teaching, by Himself being what He recommends to others.
An humble man without learning, but filled with the Holy Spirit, is more powerful than the most nobly-born profound scholar without that inspiration. He who is educated by the Divine Spirit can, in his time, lead others to receive the same Spirit.
I pray for you that you may be informed by the life of the Divine Spirit, so that you may be the means of educating others. The life and morals of a spiritual 166 man are, in themselves, an education to those who know him.
Think not of your own limitations, dwell only on the welfare of the Kingdom of Glory. Consider the influence of Jesus Christ on His apostles, then think of their effect upon the world. These simple men were enabled by the power of the Holy Spirit to spread the glad tidings!
So may you all receive Divine assistance! No capacity is limited when led by the Spirit of God!
The earth of itself has no properties of life, it is barren and dry, until fertilized by the sun and the rain; still the earth need not bewail its own limitations.
May you be given life! May the rain of the Divine Mercy and the warmth of the Sun of Truth make your gardens fruitful, so that many beautiful flowers of exquisite fragrance and love may blossom in abundance. Turn your faces away from the contemplation of your own finite selves and fix your eyes upon the Everlasting Radiance; then will your souls receive in full measure the Divine Power of the Spirit and the Blessings of the Infinite Bounty.
If you thus keep yourselves in readiness, you will become to the world of humanity a burning flame, a star of guidance, and a fruitful tree, changing all its darkness and woe into light and joy by the shining of the Sun of Mercy and the infinite blessings of the Glad Tidings.
This is the meaning of the power of the Holy Spirit, which I pray may be bountifully showered upon you. 167
4 Avenue de Camoens, Paris,
November 28th
In these gatherings where we have met and spoken together you have all become acquainted with the principles of this dispensation, and with the reality of facts. Unto you it has been given to know these things, but there are many still unenlightened and submerged in superstition. They have heard but little of this great and glorious Cause, and the knowledge they have is for the most part based only on hearsay. Alas, poor souls, the knowledge they have is not based on truth, the foundation of their belief is not the teaching of Bahá'u'lláh! There is, assuredly, a certain amount of truth in what they have been told, but for the most part their information has been inaccurate.
The true principles of the blessed Cause of God are the eleven rules which I have given you, and I have carefully explained these, one by one.
You must endeavour always to live and act in direct obedience to the teachings and laws of Bahá'u'lláh, so that every individual may see in all the acts of your life that in word and in deed you are followers of the Blessed Perfection.
Exert yourselves so that this glorious teaching may encircle the globe, and that spirituality may be infused into the hearts of men.
The breath of the Holy Spirit shall confirm you, and although many will arise against you, they shall not prevail!
When the Lord Christ was crowned with thorns, He knew that all the diadems of the world were at His 168 feet. All earthly crowns, however brilliant, powerful and resplendent, bowed in adoration before the crown of thorns! It was from this sure and certain knowledge He spoke, when He said: 'All power is given unto Me, in Heaven and in earth'.[1][1 Matthew xviii, 18.]
Now I say unto you, bear this on your hearts and in your minds. Verily your light shall illumine the whole world, your spirituality shall affect the heart of things. You shall in truth become the lighted torches of the globe. Fear not, neither be dismayed, for your light shall penetrate the densest darkness. This is the Promise of God, which I give unto you. Rise! and serve the Power of God!

THE LAST MEETING
15 Rue Greuze, Paris,
December 1st
When I arrived in Paris some time ago for the first time, I looked around me with much interest, and in my mind I likened this beautiful city to a large garden.
With loving care and much thought I examined the soil, and found it to be very good and full of possibility for steadfast faith and firm belief, for a seed of God's love has been cast into the ground.
Clouds of Heavenly Mercy showered their rain upon it, and the Sun of Truth fell warmly upon the young seeds, and today one can see in your midst the birth 169 of belief. The seed cast into the ground has begun to spring up, and day by day you will see it grow. The bounties of the Kingdom of Bahá'u'lláh shall indeed bring forth a wondrous harvest!
Behold! I bring you glad and joyful tidings! Paris will become a garden of roses! All kinds of beautiful flowers will spring up and flourish in this garden, and the fame of their fragrance and beauty will be spread in all lands. When I think of Paris in the future, I seem to see her bathed in the light of the Holy Spirit! Verily, the day is dawning when Paris will receive her illumination, and the Goodness and Mercy of God will be visible to every living creature.
Do not allow your minds to dwell on the present, but with eyes of faith look into the future, for in truth the Spirit of God is working in your midst.
Since my arrival a few weeks ago, I can see the growth of spirituality. At the beginning only a few souls came to me for Light, but during my short sojourn among you the numbers have increased and doubled. This is a promise for the future!
When Christ was crucified and left this world, He had only eleven disciples and a very few followers; but as He served the Cause of truth, look today at the result of His life's work! He has illumined the world, and given life to dead humanity. After His ascension little by little His Cause grew, the souls of His followers became more and more luminous, and the exquisite perfume of their saintly lives spread on all sides.
Now today, thank God, a similar condition has begun in Paris. There are many souls who have turned to 170 the Kingdom of God, and who are attracted to unity, love and truth.
Try so to work that the goodness and mercy of Abha may enfold the whole of Paris. The Breath of the Holy Spirit will help you, the Celestial Light of the Kingdom will shine in your hearts, and the blessed angels of God from Heaven will bring you strength and will succour you. Then thank God with all your hearts that you have attained to this supreme benefit. A great part of the world is plunged in sleep, but you have been awakened. Many are blind, but you see!
The call of the Kingdom is heard in your midst. Glory be to God, you have been born again, you have been baptized by the fire of the Love of God; you have been plunged in the Sea of Life and regenerated by the Spirit of Love!
Having received such favour be thankful unto God, and never doubt His Goodness and Loving Kindness but have undying faith in the Bounties of the Kingdom. Consort together in brotherly love, be ready to lay down your lives one for the other, and not only for those who are dear to you, but for all humanity. Look upon the whole human race as members of one family, all children of God; and, in so doing, you will see no difference between them.
Humanity may be likened to a tree. This tree has branches, leaves, buds and fruit. Think of all men as being flowers, leaves or buds of this tree, and try to help each and all to realize and enjoy God's blessings. God neglects none: He loves all.
The only real difference that exists between people 171 is that they are at various stages of development. Some are imperfect -- these must be brought to perfection. Some are asleep -- they must be awakened; some are negligent -- they must be roused; but one and all are the children of God. Love them all with your whole heart; no one is a stranger to the other, all are friends. Tonight I come to say farewell to you -- but bear this in your minds, that although our bodies may be far apart, in spirit we shall always be together.
I bear you one and all in my heart, and will forget none of you -- and I hope that none of you will forget me.
I in the East, and you in the West, let us try with heart and soul that unity may dwell in the world, that all the peoples may become one people, and that the whole surface of the earth may be like one country -- for the Sun of Truth shines on all alike.
All the Prophets of God came for love of this one great aim.
Look how Abraham strove to bring faith and love among the people; how Moses tried to unite the people by sound laws; how the Lord Christ suffered unto death to bring the light of love and truth into a darkened world; how Muhammad sought to bring unity and peace between the various uncivilized tribes among whom he dwelt. And last of all, Bahá'u'lláh has suffered forty years for the same cause -- the single noble purpose of spreading love among the children of men -- and for the peace and unity of the world the Báb gave up his life.
Thus, strive to follow the example of these Divine 172 Beings, drink from Their fountain, be illumined by Their Light, and to the world be as symbols of the Mercy and Love of God. Be unto the world as rain and clouds of mercy, as suns of truth; be a celestial army, and you shall indeed conquer the city of hearts.
Be thankful unto God that Bahá'u'lláh has given us a firm and solid foundation. He left no place for sadness in hearts, and the writings of His sacred pen contain consolation for the whole world. He had the words of truth, and anything that is contrary to His teaching is false. The chief aim of all His work was to do away with division.
The testament of Bahá'u'lláh is a Rain of Goodness, a Sun of Truth, Water of Life, the Holy Spirit. Thus open your hearts to receive the full power of His Beauty, and I will pray for you all that this joy may be yours.
Now I say 'Good-bye'.
This I say only to your outer selves; I do not say it to your souls, for our souls are always together.
Be comforted, and rest assured that day and night I shall turn to the Kingdom of Abha in supplication for you, that day by day you may grow better and holier, nearer to God, and more and more illumined by the radiance of His Love
(Abdu'l-Baha, Paris Talks, p. 127)